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Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), also known as B-type natriuretic peptide, is a hormone secreted by cardiomyocytes in the heart ventricles in response to stretching caused by increased ventricular blood volume. [5] BNP is one of the three natriuretic peptides, in addition to atrial natriuretic peptide and C-type natriuretic peptide ( CNP). [6]
N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP or BNPT) is a 76 amino acid long protein that is cleaved from the N-terminal end of the 108 amino acid long prohormone proBNP to release brain natriuretic peptide 32 (BNP, also known as B-type natriuretic peptide). [1] [2] [3] [4]
Natriuretic peptide-binding receptors and ligand selectivity. [1] A natriuretic peptide is a hormone molecule that plays a crucial role in the regulation of the cardiovascular system. These hormones were first discovered in the 1980s and were found to have very strong diuretic, natriuretic, and vasodilatory effects.
The brain is more vulnerable to oxidative stress than other organs, due to its low oxidative capacity. Because neurons are characterized as postmitotic cells, meaning that they live with accumulated damage over the years, accumulation of ROS is fatal. Thus, increased levels of ROS age neurons, which leads to accelerated neurodegenerative ...
Left ventricular hypertrophy. Hypertensive heart disease is the result of structural and functional adaptations [18] leading to left ventricular hypertrophy, [19] [20] [21] diastolic dysfunction, [18] [20] CHF (Congestive Heart Failure), abnormalities of blood flow due to atherosclerotic coronary artery disease [18] and microvascular disease, [10] [19] and cardiac arrhythmias. [19]
Neuroinflammation is widely regarded as chronic, as opposed to acute, inflammation of the central nervous system. [5] Acute inflammation usually follows injury to the central nervous system immediately, and is characterized by inflammatory molecules, endothelial cell activation, platelet deposition, and tissue edema. [6]
Reperfusion injury plays a major part in the biochemistry of hypoxic brain injury in stroke. Similar failure processes are involved in brain failure following reversal of cardiac arrest; [3] control of these processes is the subject of ongoing research.
Endogenous regeneration in the brain is the ability of cells to engage in the repair and regeneration process. While the brain has a limited capacity for regeneration, endogenous neural stem cells, as well as numerous pro-regenerative molecules, can participate in replacing and repairing damaged or diseased neurons and glial cells.