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Prophylactic surgery (also known as preventive surgery or risk-reducing surgery) is a form of surgery most commonly intended to minimize or eliminate the risk of the patient developing cancer in an organ or gland before development occurs. This is a life-saving procedure for those at high risk of developing cancer in certain organs.
In March 2011, investigators from Australia and several other countries published the results of the DECRA [5] trial in The New England Journal of Medicine.This was a randomized trial comparing decompressive craniectomy to best medical therapy run between 2002 and 2010 to assess the optimal management of patients with medically refractory ICP following diffuse non-penetrating head injury.
Pharyngolaryngoesophagectomy is the surgical removal of the pharynx, larynx and esophagus, usually as a result of cancer of the hypopharynx. Photorefractive keratectomy is the alteration of the cornea by means of a laser. Pinealectomy is the surgical removal of the pineal gland, used often on birds to study circadian rhythms.
The procedure is a surgical option for individuals who are at high risk for the development of breast cancer. High risk women without a prior history of personal breast cancer might consider bilateral risk-reducing mastectomy (BRRM) as an option for minimising the risk of primary breast carcinoma development. [3]
-ectomy : surgical removal (see List of -ectomies). The term 'resection' is also used, especially when referring to a tumor.-opsy : looking at-oscopy : viewing of, normally with a scope-ostomy or -stomy : surgically creating a hole (a new "mouth" or "stoma", from the Greek στόμα (stóma), meaning "body", see List of -ostomies)
Trans-thoracic removal of the oesophagus and part of the stomach to treat cancer of the oesophagus and gastro-oesophageal junction: T.J. Crofts (October 2000). "Ivor-Lewis oesophagectomy for middle and lower third oesophageal lesions - how we do it". J.R.Coll.Surg.Edinb. 45 (5): 296– 303. PMID 11077777. Archived from the original on 2010-04-12
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[56] [80] [23] Poor oral hygiene and chronic oral cavity inflammation (for example secondary to chronic gum inflammation) are also linked to an increased head and neck cancer risk. [ 81 ] [ 82 ] The presence of leukoplakia , which is the appearance of white patches or spots in the mouth, can develop into cancer in about 1⁄3 of cases.