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Iron is always the main element in steel, but many other elements may be present or added. Stainless steels, which are resistant to corrosion and oxidation, typically are 11% chromium. Iron is the base metal of steel. Depending on the temperature, it can take two crystalline forms (allotropic forms): body-centred cubic and face-centred cubic.
Steelmaking is the process of producing steel from iron ore and/or scrap. Steel has been made for millennia, and was commercialized on a massive scale in the 1850s and 1860s, using the Bessemer and Siemens-Martin processes. Two major commercial processes are used. Basic oxygen steelmaking uses liquid pig-iron from a blast furnace and scrap ...
Steel is an alloy composed of between 0.2 and 2.0 percent carbon, with the balance being iron. From prehistory through the creation of the blast furnace, iron was produced from iron ore as wrought iron, 99.82–100 percent Fe, and the process of making steel involved adding carbon to iron, usually in a serendipitous manner, in the forge, or via the cementation process.
In the modern world, iron alloys, such as steel, stainless steel, cast iron and special steels, are by far the most common industrial metals, due to their mechanical properties and low cost. The iron and steel industry is thus very important economically, and iron is the cheapest metal, with a price of a few dollars per kilogram or pound.
Pig iron ; Iron hydride ; Kanthal (20–30% chromium, 4–7.5% aluminium); used in heating elements, including e-cigarettes; Kovar (nickel, cobalt) Spiegeleisen (manganese, carbon, silicon) Staballoy (stainless steel) (manganese, chromium, carbon) - see also Uranium below; Steel (Category:Steels) Bulat steel; Chromoly (chromium, molybdenum)
Steel never turns into a liquid below this temperature. Pure Iron ('Steel' with 0% Carbon) starts to melt at 1,492 °C (2,718 °F), and is completely liquid upon reaching 1,539 °C (2,802 °F). Steel with 2.1% Carbon by weight begins melting at 1,130 °C (2,070 °F), and is completely molten upon reaching 1,315 °C (2,399 °F).
A metal may be a chemical element such as iron; an alloy such as stainless steel; or a molecular compound such as polymeric sulfur nitride. [4] The general science of metals is called metallurgy , a subtopic of materials science ; aspects of the electronic and thermal properties are also within the scope of condensed matter physics and solid ...
The horizontal elements of the Ɪ are called flanges, and the vertical element is known as the "web". The web resists shear forces , while the flanges resist most of the bending moment experienced by the beam.