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Management of tuberculosis refers to techniques and procedures utilized for treating tuberculosis (TB), or simply a treatment plan for TB.. The medical standard for active TB is a short course treatment involving a combination of isoniazid, rifampicin (also known as Rifampin), pyrazinamide, and ethambutol for the first two months.
Specifically it is a second line treatment used for active drug resistant tuberculosis. [1] It is given by injection into a vein or muscle. [1] Common side effects include kidney problems, hearing problems, poor balance, and pain at the site of injection. [1] Other side effects include paralysis resulting in the inability to breathe. [1]
Extensively drug-resistant TB is also resistant to three or more of the six classes of second-line drugs. [155] Totally drug-resistant TB is resistant to all currently used drugs. [ 156 ] It was first observed in 2003 in Italy, [ 157 ] but not widely reported until 2012, [ 156 ] [ 158 ] and has also been found in Iran and India. [ 159 ]
MDR-TB can become resistant to the major second-line TB drug groups: fluoroquinolones (moxifloxacin, ofloxacin) and injectable aminoglycoside or polypeptide drugs (amikacin, capreomycin, kanamycin). When MDR-TB is resistant to at least one drug from each group, it is classified as extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB).
XDR-TB is defined as TB that has developed resistance to at least rifampicin and isoniazid (resistance to these first line anti-TB drugs defines multidrug-resistant tuberculosis, or MDR-TB), as well as to any member of the quinolone family and at least one of the following second-line anti-TB injectable drugs: kanamycin, capreomycin, or ...
Extensively drug resistant tuberculosis is tuberculosis that is resistant to isoniazid and rifampicin, any fluoroquinolone, and any of the three second line injectable TB drugs (amikacin, capreomycin, and kanamycin). [1] TDR-TB has been identified in three countries; India, Iran, and Italy. The term was first presented in 2006, in which it ...
Ethionamide is used in combination with other antituberculosis agents as part of a second-line regimen for active tuberculosis. [7]Ethionamide is well absorbed orally with or without food, but is often administered with food to improve tolerance.
Kanamycin A, [2] often referred to simply as kanamycin, is an antibiotic used to treat severe bacterial infections and tuberculosis. [3] It is not a first line treatment. [3] It is used by mouth, injection into a vein, or injection into a muscle. [3]