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[7] [8] A drug may be classified as second-line instead of first-line for one of three possible reasons: 1) it may be less effective than the first-line drugs (e.g., p-aminosalicylic acid), 2) it may have toxic side-effects (e.g., cycloserine), or 3) it may be effective, but unavailable in many developing countries (e.g., fluoroquinolones ...
Specifically it is a second line treatment used for active drug resistant tuberculosis. [1] It is given by injection into a vein or muscle. [1] Common side effects include kidney problems, hearing problems, poor balance, and pain at the site of injection. [1] Other side effects include paralysis resulting in the inability to breathe. [1]
Extensively drug resistant tuberculosis is tuberculosis that is resistant to isoniazid and rifampicin, any fluoroquinolone, and any of the three second line injectable TB drugs (amikacin, capreomycin, and kanamycin). [1] TDR-TB has been identified in three countries; India, Iran, and Italy. The term was first presented in 2006, in which it ...
MDR-TB can become resistant to the major second-line TB drug groups: fluoroquinolones (moxifloxacin, ofloxacin) and injectable aminoglycoside or polypeptide drugs (amikacin, capreomycin, kanamycin). When MDR-TB is resistant to at least one drug from each group, it is classified as extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB).
XDR-TB is defined as TB that has developed resistance to at least rifampicin and isoniazid (resistance to these first line anti-TB drugs defines multidrug-resistant tuberculosis, or MDR-TB), as well as to any member of the quinolone family and at least one of the following second-line anti-TB injectable drugs: kanamycin, capreomycin, or ...
Specifically it is used, along with other antituberculosis medications, to treat active multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. [2] It is no longer recommended for leprosy. [3] [2] It is taken by mouth. [2] Ethionamide has a high rate of side effects. [4] Common side effects include nausea, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and loss of appetite.
(S,S)-(+)-Ethambutol is powerful and selective antitubercular drug.It is a typical example of an old drug that was introduced for clinical use in its unichiral form. . Ethambutol contains two constitutionally symmetrical chiral centers in its structure and exists in three stereoisomeric forms, the enantiomeric pair (+)-(S,S)- and (−)-(R,R)-ethambutol, along with the achiral stereoisomer called m
Specifically it is used to treat active drug resistant tuberculosis together with other antituberculosis medications. [3] It has also been used as a second line agent to sulfasalazine in people with inflammatory bowel disease such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. [3] It is typically taken by mouth. [3]
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