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Cheese whey, barley, potato waste, beverage waste, and brewery and beer waste have been used as feedstocks for ethanol fuel, but at a far smaller scale than corn and sugarcane ethanol, as plants using these feedstocks have the capacity to produce only 3 to 5 million US gallons (11 × 10 ^ 3 to 19 × 10 ^ 3 m 3) per year.
In 2010, the United States imported about 4.3 billion barrels (680,000,000 m 3) of crude oil.Add to this about 2.01 billion barrels (320,000,000 m 3) produced in the United States, and the total consumption in the United States is 6.3 billion barrels (1.00 × 10 9 m 3) of crude for 2010.
Ethanol fuel has a "gasoline gallon equivalency" (GGE) value of 1.5, i.e. to replace the energy of 1 volume of gasoline, 1.5 times the volume of ethanol is needed. [4] [5] Ethanol-blended fuel is widely used in Brazil, the United States, and Europe (see also Ethanol fuel by country). [2]
Until 2005 Brazil was the world's top producer of ethanol fuel when it was surpassed by the United States. Together both countries were responsible in 2011 for 87.1% of the world's ethanol fuel production. [1] In 2009 Brazil produced 27.5 billion liters (7.26 billion U.S. liquid gallons), [13] representing 35.9% of the world's total ethanol ...
There is a wide range of fuel cell concepts that have entered trials including direct-ethanol fuel cells, auto-thermal reforming systems and thermally integrated systems. The majority of work is being conducted at a research level although there are a number of organizations at the beginning of the commercialization of ethanol fuel cells. [70]
The United States produces mainly biodiesel and ethanol fuel, which uses corn as the main feedstock. The US is the world's largest producer of ethanol, having produced nearly 16 billion gallons in 2017 alone. [1] The United States, together with Brazil accounted for 85% of all ethanol production, with total world production of 27.05 billion ...
One major drawback with corn ethanol, is the energy returned on energy invested , meaning the energy outputted in comparison to the energy required to output that energy. Compared to oil, with an 11:1 EROI, corn ethanol has a much lower EROI of 1.5:1, which, in turn, also provides less mileage per gallon compared to gasoline. [7]
For the most part, it is used in a 9:1 ratio of gasoline to ethanol to reduce the negative environmental effects of gasoline. [citation needed] There is increasing interest in the use of a blend of 85% fuel ethanol blended with 15% gasoline. This fuel blend called E85 has a higher fuel octane than most premium types of gasoline.