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  2. Quantum spin Hall effect - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_spin_Hall_effect

    The quantum spin Hall state is a state of matter proposed to exist in special, two-dimensional semiconductors that have a quantized spin-Hall conductance and a vanishing charge-Hall conductance. The quantum spin Hall state of matter is the cousin of the integer quantum Hall state, and that does not require the application of a large magnetic ...

  3. Quantum Hall effect - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Hall_effect

    In 1988, it was proposed that there was a quantum Hall effect without Landau levels. [3] This quantum Hall effect is referred to as the quantum anomalous Hall (QAH) effect. There is also a new concept of the quantum spin Hall effect which is an analogue of the quantum Hall effect, where spin currents flow instead of charge currents. [4]

  4. Shoucheng Zhang - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoucheng_Zhang

    Zhang was one of the founders of the field of topological insulators. He made one of the first theoretical proposals of the quantum spin Hall effect. Soon after the initial theoretical proposal, his group theoretically predicted the first realistic quantum spin Hall material in HgTe quantum wells. [10]

  5. Topological insulator - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topological_insulator

    Later sets of theoretical models for the 2D topological insulator (also known as the quantum spin Hall insulators) were proposed by Charles L. Kane and Eugene J. Mele in 2005, [15] and also by B. Andrei Bernevig and Shoucheng Zhang in 2006. [16]

  6. Fractional Chern insulator - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractional_Chern_insulator

    Fractional Chern insulators (FCIs) are lattice generalizations of the fractional quantum Hall effect that have been studied theoretically since 1993 [1] and have been studied more intensely since early 2010. [2] [3] They were first predicted to exist in topological flat bands carrying Chern numbers. They can appear in topologically non-trivial ...

  7. Dirac cone - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirac_cone

    The massless fermions lead to various quantum Hall effects, magnetoelectric effects in topological materials, and ultra high carrier mobility. [10] [11] Dirac cones were observed in 2008-2009, using angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) on the potassium-graphite intercalation compound KC 8 [12] and on several bismuth-based alloys ...

  8. Hubbard model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubbard_model

    One result of the simulation showed that the difference between metal and insulator is a continuous function of the electric field strength. [2] A "backwards" stacking regime allows the creation of a Chern insulator via the anomalous quantum Hall effect (with

  9. List of states of matter - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_of_matter

    This is a derivative of the quantum Hall state of matter. Quantum anomalous Hall state: A state which has a quantized Hall resistance even in the absence of external magnetic field. Topological insulator: a material whose interior behaves as an electrical insulator while its surface behaves as an electrical conductor. Fractional Chern insulator ...