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Biphenylene is a polycyclic hydrocarbon, composed of two benzene rings joined by two bridging bonds (as opposed to a normal ring fusion), thus forming a 6-4-6 arene system. The resulting planar structure [4] was one of the first π-electronic hydrocarbon systems discovered to show evidence of antiaromaticity.
A heterocyclic compound or ring structure is a cyclic compound that has atoms of at least two different elements as members of its ring(s). [1] Heterocyclic organic chemistry is the branch of organic chemistry dealing with the synthesis, properties, and applications of organic heterocycles .
The phenyl group is closely related to benzene and can be viewed as a benzene ring, minus a hydrogen, which may be replaced by some other element or compound to serve as a functional group. A phenyl group has six carbon atoms bonded together in a hexagonal planar ring, five of which are bonded to individual hydrogen atoms, with the remaining ...
[1] [2] Simple aromatic rings can be heterocyclic if they contain non-carbon ring atoms, for example, oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur. They can be monocyclic as in benzene, bicyclic as in naphthalene, or polycyclic as in anthracene. Simple monocyclic aromatic rings are usually five-membered rings like pyrrole or six-membered rings like pyridine.
Benzene derivatives have from one to six substituents attached to the central benzene core. [2] Examples of benzene compounds with just one substituent are phenol, which carries a hydroxyl group, and toluene with a methyl group. When there is more than one substituent present on the ring, their spatial relationship becomes important for which ...
A homocycle or homocyclic ring is a ring in which all atoms are of the same chemical element. [1] A heterocycle or heterocyclic ring is a ring containing atoms of at least two different elements, i.e. a non-homocyclic ring. [2] A carbocycle or carbocyclic ring is a homocyclic ring in which all of the atoms are carbon. [3]
According to the rules expressed above, the phenanthrene molecule allows two different resonance structures: one of them presents a single circle in the center of the molecule, with each of the two adjacent rings having two double bonds; the other one has the two peripheral rings each with one circle, and the central ring with one double bond.
The simplest aryl group is phenyl, which is made up of a benzene ring with one of its hydrogen atom replaced by some substituent, and has the molecular formula C 6 H 5 −. Note that a phenyl group is not the same as a benzyl group , the latter consisting of a phenyl group attached to a methyl group and a molecular formula of C 6 H 5 CH 2 − .