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In mathematical analysis and in probability theory, a σ-algebra ("sigma algebra"; also σ-field, where the σ comes from the German "Summe" [1]) on a set X is a nonempty collection Σ of subsets of X closed under complement, countable unions, and countable intersections. The ordered pair (,) is called a measurable space.
In quantum field theory, a nonlinear σ model describes a field Σ that takes on values in a nonlinear manifold called the target manifold T.The non-linear σ-model was introduced by Gell-Mann & Lévy (1960, §6), who named it after a field corresponding to a spinless meson called σ in their model. [1]
force in mechanics equations [10] p F q is a hypergeometric series; the probability distribution function in statistics; a Fibonacci number; an arbitrary functor; a field; an event space sigma algebra as part of a probability space, often as ; f represents: the unit prefix femto (10 −15) [10] f represents:
The model may or may not be quantized. An example of the non-quantized version is the Skyrme model; it cannot be quantized due to non-linearities of power greater than 4. In general, sigma models admit (classical) topological soliton solutions, for example, the skyrmion for the Skyrme model.
Functional notation: if the first is the name (symbol) of a function, denotes the value of the function applied to the expression between the parentheses; for example, (), (+). In the case of a multivariate function , the parentheses contain several expressions separated by commas, such as f ( x , y ) {\displaystyle f(x,y)} .
Examples of the application of the logistic S-curve to the response of crop yield (wheat) to both the soil salinity and depth to water table in the soil are shown in modeling crop response in agriculture. In artificial neural networks, sometimes non-smooth functions are used instead for efficiency; these are known as hard sigmoids.
Mathematical notation is widely used in mathematics, science, and engineering for representing complex concepts and properties in a concise, unambiguous, and accurate way. For example, the physicist Albert Einstein 's formula E = m c 2 {\displaystyle E=mc^{2}} is the quantitative representation in mathematical notation of mass–energy ...
Greek letters are used in mathematics, science, engineering, and other areas where mathematical notation is used as symbols for constants, special functions, and also conventionally for variables representing certain quantities. In these contexts, the capital letters and the small letters represent distinct and unrelated entities.