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For those who do experience symptoms, they usually appear 1 to 2 weeks after infection. Common symptoms include abdominal pain, nausea, and bloating, along with large, watery, foul-smelling, and greasy stools. Due to frequent loose stools, individuals with giardiasis often experience dehydration. [12]
Giardiasis is a parasitic disease caused by Giardia duodenalis (also known as G. lamblia and G. intestinalis). [3] Infected individuals who experience symptoms (about 10% have no symptoms) may have diarrhea, abdominal pain, and weight loss. [1] Less common symptoms include vomiting and blood in the stool. [1]
About 40 species have been described, but most of them are probably synonyms. [11] Currently, five to six morphologically distinct species are recognised. [12] Giardia duodenalis (=G. intestinalis, =G. lamblia) infect humans and other mammals, G. microti infects voles, G. muris is found in other mammals, G. ardeae and G. psittaci in birds, and G. agilis in amphibians. [4]
Giardiasis: Giardia lamblia: lumen of the small intestine: stool worldwide? ingestion of water containing deer or beaver feces Isosporiasis: Isospora belli: epithelial cells of small intestines: stool worldwide – less common than Toxoplasma or Cryptosporidium: fecal oral route – ingestion of sporulated oocyst Leishmaniasis: Leishmania spp.
They include Giardia duodenalis, which causes giardiasis in humans. [3] They are placed among the metamonads , and appear to be particularly close relatives of the retortamonads . Morphology
Shigellosis, known historically as dysentery, is an infection of the intestines caused by Shigella bacteria. [1] [3] Symptoms generally start one to two days after exposure and include diarrhea, fever, abdominal pain, and feeling the need to pass stools even when the bowels are empty. [1]
Nitazoxanide alone has shown preliminary evidence of efficacy in the treatment of chronic hepatitis B over a one-year course of therapy. [17] Nitazoxanide 500 mg twice daily resulted in a decrease in serum HBV DNA in all of 4 HBeAg-positive patients, with undetectable HBV DNA in 2 of 4 patients, loss of HBeAg in 3 patients, and loss of HBsAg in one patient.
Although organisms such as bacteria function as parasites, the usage of the term "parasitic disease" is usually more restricted. The three main types of organisms causing these conditions are protozoa (causing protozoan infection), helminths (helminthiasis), and ectoparasites. [5]