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Object-oriented programming uses objects, but not all of the associated techniques and structures are supported directly in languages that claim to support OOP. The features listed below are common among languages considered to be strongly class- and object-oriented (or multi-paradigm with OOP support), with notable exceptions mentioned.
In class-based object-oriented programming, abstract types are implemented as abstract classes (also known as abstract base classes), and concrete types as concrete classes. In generic programming , the analogous notion is a concept , which similarly specifies syntax and semantics, but does not require a subtype relationship: two unrelated ...
In class-based programming, inheritance is done by defining new classes as extensions of existing classes: the existing class is the parent class and the new class is the child class. If a child class has only one parent class, this is known as single inheritance , while if a child class can have more than one parent class, this is known as ...
In object-oriented programming, a class defines the shared aspects of objects created from the class. The capabilities of a class differ between programming languages , but generally the shared aspects consist of state ( variables ) and behavior ( methods ) that are each either associated with a particular object or with all objects of that class.
In object-oriented programming, a class is a template that defines the state and behavior common to objects of a certain kind. A class can be defined in terms of other classes. [1] The concept of class hierarchy in computer science is very similar to taxonomy, the classifications of species.
33 O-O programming and Ada 34 Emulating object technology in non-O-O environments 35 Simula to Java and beyond: major O-O languages and environments. Part G: Doing it right. 36 An object-oriented environment Epilogue, In Full Frankness Exposing the Language. Part H: Appendices. A Extracts from the Base library B Genericity versus inheritance
Nonetheless, the principle is useful in reasoning about the design of class hierarchies. Liskov substitution principle imposes some standard requirements on signatures that have been adopted in newer object-oriented programming languages (usually at the level of classes rather than types; see nominal vs. structural subtyping for the distinction):
Parameterized classes; Parnas's principles; Partial class; Patterns; Policy-based design; Polymorphic; Primitive data type; private, a way of encapsulation in object-oriented programming; Programming paradigm; protected, a way of encapsulation in object-oriented programming; Protocol; Prototype pattern; Prototype-based programming