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The von Neumann architecture —also known as the von Neumann model or Princeton architecture —is a computer architecture based on a 1945 description by John von Neumann, and by others, in the First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC. [1] The document describes a design architecture for an electronic digital computer with these components: The ...
The five components of the climate system all interact. They are the atmosphere, the hydrosphere, the cryosphere, the lithosphere and the biosphere. [1]: 1451 Earth's climate system is a complex system with five interacting components: the atmosphere (air), the hydrosphere (water), the cryosphere (ice and permafrost), the lithosphere (earth's upper rocky layer) and the biosphere (living things).
A geographic information system (GIS) consists of integrated computer hardware and software that store, manage, analyze, edit, output, and visualize geographic data. [1][2] Much of this often happens within a spatial database; however, this is not essential to meet the definition of a GIS. [1] In a broader sense, one may consider such a system ...
A picture archiving and communication system (PACS) is a medical imaging technology which provides economical storage and convenient access to images from multiple modalities (source machine types). [1] Electronic images and reports are transmitted digitally via PACS; this eliminates the need to manually file, retrieve, or transport film ...
Apache Hadoop ( / həˈduːp /) is a collection of open-source software utilities that facilitates using a network of many computers to solve problems involving massive amounts of data and computation. [vague] It provides a software framework for distributed storage and processing of big data using the MapReduce programming model.
A data management plan or DMP is a formal document that outlines how data are to be handled both during a research project, and after the project is completed. [1] The goal of a data management plan is to consider the many aspects of data management, metadata generation, data preservation, and analysis before the project begins; [2] this may lead to data being well-managed in the present ...
Data analysis is the process of inspecting, cleansing, transforming, and modeling data with the goal of discovering useful information, informing conclusions, and supporting decision-making. [1] Data analysis has multiple facets and approaches, encompassing diverse techniques under a variety of names, and is used in different business, science ...
Most funding for scientific research comes from three major sources: corporate research and development departments; private foundations; and government research councils such as the National Institutes of Health in the US [73] and the Medical Research Council in the UK. These are managed primarily through universities and in some cases through ...