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Herd immunity (also called herd effect, community immunity, population immunity, or mass immunity) is a form of indirect protection that applies only to contagious diseases. It occurs when a sufficient percentage of a population has become immune to an infection, whether through previous infections or vaccination, [1] that the communicable ...
Original antigenic sin, also known as antigenic imprinting, the Hoskins effect, [1] immunological imprinting, [2] or primary addiction[3] is the propensity of the immune system to preferentially use immunological memory based on a previous infection when a second slightly different version of that foreign pathogen (e.g. a virus or bacterium) is ...
A representation of the cholera epidemic of the 19th century. For thousands of years mankind has been intrigued with the causes of disease and the concept of immunity. The prehistoric view was that disease was caused by supernatural forces, and that illness was a form of theurgic punishment for "bad deeds" or "evil thoughts" visited upon the soul by the gods or by one's enemies. [8]
Asymptomatic carriers play a critical role in the transmission of common infectious diseases such as typhoid, HIV, C. difficile, influenzas, cholera, tuberculosis, and COVID-19, [2] although the latter is often associated with "robust T-cell immunity " in more than a quarter of patients studied. [3] While the mechanism of disease-carrying is ...
A breakthrough infection is a case of illness in which a vaccinated individual becomes infected with the illness, because the vaccine has failed to provide complete immunity against the pathogen (currently only viruses). [1] Breakthrough infections have been identified in individuals immunized against a variety of diseases including mumps ...
List of autoimmune diseases. Dermatosis in Crohn's disease. Demyelination in MS. PAS stain of lupus nephritis. Autoimmune urticaria. Proptosis in Graves' disease. This article provides a list of autoimmune diseases. These conditions, where the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, affect a range of organs and systems within the ...
New COVID-19 variants continue to pop up. ... better or evade immunity to the last variant are more ... strain though it did cause a more severe disease. It had a variant called B.1.1.7 that ...
Koch's postulates. Robert Hermann Koch (11 December 1843 – 27 May 1910) was a German physician who developed Koch's postulates. [1] Koch's postulates (/ kɒx / KOKH) [2] are four criteria designed to establish a causal relationship between a microbe and a disease. The postulates were formulated by Robert Koch and Friedrich Loeffler in 1884 ...
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