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In electronics, a wafer (also called a slice or substrate) [ 1 ] is a thin slice of semiconductor, such as a crystalline silicon (c-Si, silicium), used for the fabrication of integrated circuits and, in photovoltaics, to manufacture solar cells. The wafer serves as the substrate for microelectronic devices built in and upon the wafer.
Wafer fabrication is a procedure composed of many repeated sequential processes to produce complete electrical or photonic circuits on semiconductor wafers in semiconductor device fabrication process. Examples include production of radio frequency (RF) amplifiers, LEDs, optical computer components, and microprocessors for computers.
Die singulation, also called wafer dicing, is the process in semiconductor device fabrication by which dies are separated from a finished wafer of semiconductor. [1] Die singulation comes after the photolithography process. It can involve scribing and breaking, mechanical sawing (normally with a machine called a dicing saw) [2] or laser cutting.
Wafer processing is separated into FEOL and BEOL stages. FEOL processing refers to the formation of the transistors directly in the silicon. The raw wafer is engineered by the growth of an ultrapure, virtually defect-free silicon layer through epitaxy.
Direct bonding. Direct bonding, or fusion bonding, describes a wafer bonding process without any additional intermediate layers. The bonding process is based on chemical bonds between two surfaces of any material possible meeting numerous requirements. [1] These requirements are specified for the wafer surface as sufficiently clean, flat and ...
The primary application of monocrystalline silicon is in the production of discrete components and integrated circuits.Ingots made by the Czochralski method are sliced into wafers about 0.75 mm thick and polished to obtain a regular, flat substrate, onto which microelectronic devices are built through various microfabrication processes, such as doping or ion implantation, etching, deposition ...