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In this formula: H s = Significant wave height at the toe of the construction Δ = relative density of the stone (= (ρ s-ρ w)/ρ w) where ρ s is the density of the stone and ρ w is the density of the water d n50 = nominal stone diameter α = breakwater slope P = notional permeability S = Damage number N = number of waves in the storm
Hudson's equation, also known as Hudson formula, is an equation used by coastal engineers to calculate the minimum size of riprap (armourstone) required to provide satisfactory stability characteristics for rubble structures such as breakwaters under attack from storm wave conditions.
[citation needed] This practice is called "cut to size" A wide range of details may be pre-machined by the fabricator, allowing for installation of different sinks and cooker designs. A common drawback to natural stone is the need for sealing to prevent harboring of bacteria and/or fluids that may cause staining.
Consider determining the requisite stone size to protect the base of a channel with a depth of 1 m and an average flow rate of 2 m/s. The stone diameter necessary for protection can be estimated by reconfiguring the formula and inserting the relevant data. The Izbash formula necessitates the use of the velocity "near the stone," which is ambiguous.
Question: What stone size is needed to defend this soil against a current of 2 m/s? This cannot be solved directly, first an assumption must be made for the d. Take a stone size of 5cm. That gives a Chézy value of 37. When this is entered in the Shields formula it gives a stone size of 5.7cm. The 5cm was a little too small.
A sieve analysis (or gradation test) is a practice or procedure used in geology, civil engineering, [1] and chemical engineering [2] to assess the particle size distribution (also called gradation) of a granular material by allowing the material to pass through a series of sieves of progressively smaller mesh size and weighing the amount of material that is stopped by each sieve as a fraction ...
A cost estimator will typically use estimating software to estimate their bid price for a project, which will ultimately become part of a resulting construction contract. Some architects, engineers, construction managers, and others may also use cost estimating software to prepare cost estimates for purposes other than bidding such as budgeting ...
A simple lower bound is obtained by dividing the total amount of product by the size of each master roll. The total product required is 1380 x 22 + 1520 x 25 + ... + 2200 x 20 = 407160 mm. Each master roll is 5600 mm, requiring a minimum of 72.7 rolls, which means 73 rolls or more are required.