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  2. Sensitivity and specificity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensitivity_and_specificity

    In medical diagnosis, test sensitivity is the ability of a test to correctly identify those with the disease (true positive rate), whereas test specificity is the ability of the test to correctly identify those without the disease (true negative rate). If 100 patients known to have a disease were tested, and 43 test positive, then the test has ...

  3. Validity (statistics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Validity_(statistics)

    Content validity evidence involves the degree to which the content of the test matches a content domain associated with the construct. For example, a test of the ability to add two numbers should include a range of combinations of digits. A test with only one-digit numbers, or only even numbers, would not have good coverage of the content domain.

  4. Gold standard (test) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_standard_(test)

    In medicine and medical statistics, the gold standard, criterion standard, [1] or reference standard [2] is the diagnostic test or benchmark that is the best available under reasonable conditions. [3] It is the test against which new tests are compared to gauge their validity, and it is used to evaluate the efficacy of treatments. [1]

  5. Likelihood ratios in diagnostic testing - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Likelihood_ratios_in...

    For diagnostic testing, the ordering clinician will have observed some symptom or other factor that raises the pretest probability relative to the general population. A likelihood ratio of greater than 1 for a test in a population indicates that a positive test result is evidence that a condition is present.

  6. Research design - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_design

    A research design typically outlines the theories and models underlying a project; the research question(s) of a project; a strategy for gathering data and information; and a strategy for producing answers from the data. [1] A strong research design yields valid answers to research questions while weak designs yield unreliable, imprecise or ...

  7. Pre- and post-test probability - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-_and_post-test_probability

    In clinical practice, post-test probabilities are often just estimated or even guessed. This is usually acceptable in the finding of a pathognomonic sign or symptom, in which case it is almost certain that the target condition is present; or in the absence of finding a sine qua non sign or symptom, in which case it is almost certain that the target condition is absent.

  8. Diagnostic odds ratio - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagnostic_odds_ratio

    The diagnostic odds ratio ranges from zero to infinity, although for useful tests it is greater than one, and higher diagnostic odds ratios are indicative of better test performance. [1] Diagnostic odds ratios less than one indicate that the test can be improved by simply inverting the outcome of the test – the test is in the wrong direction ...

  9. Test validity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_validity

    Test validity is the extent to which a test (such as a chemical, physical, or scholastic test) accurately measures what it is supposed to measure.In the fields of psychological testing and educational testing, "validity refers to the degree to which evidence and theory support the interpretations of test scores entailed by proposed uses of tests". [1]