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Polymer degradation is the reduction in the physical properties of a polymer, such as strength, caused by changes in its chemical composition.Polymers and particularly plastics are subject to degradation at all stages of their product life cycle, including during their initial processing, use, disposal into the environment and recycling. [1]
A plastic is considered biodegradable if it can degrade into water, carbon dioxide, and biomass in a given time frame (dependent on different standards). Thus, the terms are not synonymous. Not all bioplastics are biodegradable. [44] An example of a non-biodegradable bioplastic is bio-based PET. PET is a petrochemical plastic, derived from ...
Proton-exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC), also known as polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells, are a type of fuel cell being developed mainly for transport applications, as well as for stationary fuel-cell applications and portable fuel-cell applications. Their distinguishing features include lower temperature/pressure ranges (50 to ...
PEM fuel cells are popular in automotive applications due to their relatively low operating temperature and their ability to start up quickly even in below-freezing conditions. [18] As of March 2019 there were 6,558 fuel cell vehicles on the road in the United States, with the Toyota Mirai being the most popular model. [19] PEM fuel cells have ...
Biodegradation of any plastic is a process that happens at solid/liquid interface whereby the enzymes in the liquid phase depolymerize the solid phase. [71] Certain types of bioplastics as well as conventional plastics containing additives are able to biodegrade. [ 72 ]
Lu said the polystyrene in #6 plastic items can be found in many household products, such as drinking cups. Once the polystyrene is depolymerized to become styrene, Lu said it can be upgraded to ...
Direct methanol fuel cell Their main advantage is low temperature operation and the ease of transport of methanol, an energy-dense yet reasonably stable liquid at all environmental conditions. Whilst the thermodynamic theoretical energy conversion efficiency of a DMFC is 97%; [ 1 ] as of 2014 the achievable energy conversion efficiency for ...
A British scientist claims to have invented a plastic-free, ... A British scientist claims to have invented a plastic-free, single-use water bottle that can decompose within three weeks.