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In 1850, the United States census counted approximately 80,000 Mexican treaty citizens living across California, Texas, and New Mexico. [56] New Mexico was the largest United States territory at the time, with around 61,547 inhabitants, about 95% of whom were former Mexican citizens. [57]
The Mexican Revolution also brought many refugees to California, including many Chinese Mexicans who fled Mexico's anti-Chinese sentiment during the war and settled in the Imperial Valley. In the early 1930s, the US began repatriating those of Mexican descent to Mexico, of which 1/5th of California Mexicans were repatriated by 1932.
In addition, a number of Europeans and Americans became naturalized Mexican citizens and settled in early California. Some of those became rancheros and traders during the Mexican period, such as Abel Stearns. Mission San Francisco Solano, founded in 1823 by order of Governor Luis Antonio Argüello, was the last Californian mission established.
In the 1820s–40s, American and European settlers increasingly migrated to Mexican California. Many married Californio women and became Mexican citizens, learning Spanish and often converting to Catholicism, the state religion. They are often also considered Californios, for their adherence to Californio language and culture.
The Spanish Empire established its rule in the Californias in 1769. During this time, the Californias encompassed a massive territorial expanse, including both Alta California (present day U.S. state of California) and Baja California (present day Mexican states of Baja California and Baja California Sur), which were governed under a military administration led by the Governor of the Californias.
People v. de la Guerra, 40 Cal. 311 (1870), was a landmark case in the California Supreme Court that upheld the right of Mexicans in California to run for public office on the grounds that the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo granted United States citizenship to all Mexicans residing in California should they want it.
North to Aztlan: A History of Mexican Americans in the United States (2006) Gomez, Laura E. Manifest Destinies: The Making of the Mexican American Race (2008) Gomez-Quiñones, Juan. Mexican American Labor, 1790-1990. (1994). Gonzales, Manuel G. Mexicanos: A History of Mexicans in the United States (2nd ed 2009) excerpt and text search
Ever modest. Telles devoted his life to public service, serving four times as El Paso County clerk and twice as El Paso mayor (1957-1961). He also devoted more than 30 years of service to the ...