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Despite these efforts black ownership of land continued to decline and many black Americans were still experiencing land loss. In 1969 James Forman began a very long campaign dubbed the 'Black Manifesto', which called for reparations to be paid to black Americans as well as a land bank in the south meant to offer financial assistance for those ...
The continuation of patterns of Black land dispossession exposes how—for all of the civil rights gains made over the last 60 years—there is still much to be done to secure racial equality in ...
At the turn of the 20th century, Black farmers owned 14% of the nation's crop land. They accounted for around 1 in 10 farmers. By 2023, that number was closer to 1 in 100.
In a tiny town where the California gold rush began, Black families are seeking restitution for land that was taken from their ancestors to make way for a state park now frequented by fourth ...
Rural Worlds Lost: The American South, 1920-1960 (LSU Press, 1986) major scholarly survey with detailed bibliography; online free to borrow. Lindsey, Lydia. "Black Lives Matter: Grace P. Campbell and Claudia Jones—An analysis of the Negro Question, Self-Determination, Black Belt Thesis." Journal of Pan African Studies 12.9 (2019): 110–144.
Raper, Arthur F. Preface to peasantry: A tale of two black belt counties (1936, reprinted Univ of South Carolina Press, 2005), a classic study of Black Belt life excerpts; Online free to borrow. Reynolds, Bruce J. Black farmers in America, 1865-2000: the pursuit of independent farming and the role of cooperatives (US
By 1910, Black Americans like Smith’s ancestors had acquired a cumulative 16 million acres of rural land, according to the American Economic Association. But over the century that followed, 90% ...
Anthony Johnson (b. c. 1600 – d. 1670) was a man from Angola who achieved wealth in the early 17th-century Colony of Virginia.Held as an "indentured servant" in 1621, he earned his freedom after several years and was granted land by the colony.