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Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a form of phototherapy involving light and a photosensitizing chemical substance used in conjunction with molecular oxygen to elicit cell death (phototoxicity). [ 1 ] PDT is used in treating acne , wet age-related macular degeneration , psoriasis , and herpes .
Schematic representation of the mechanism of (a) photopharmacology (b) photodynamic therapy, and (c) optogenetics. The discovery of natural photoreceptors such as rhodopsins in the eye inspired the biomedical and pharmacology research community to engineer light-sensitive proteins for therapeutic applications. [2]
The efficacy of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy, using various distinct photosensitizers, has been studied since the 1990s. [ 9 ] [ 7 ] Most studies have yielded positive outcomes, often achieving disinfection levels, as defined by infection control guidelines, exceeding 5 log 10 (99.999%) of microbial inactivation. [ 14 ]
Dental infections tend to also respond better to photothermal therapy than photodynamic therapy, though both have a strong effect. [ 10 ] [ 11 ] [ 12 ] The efficacy of PDT for antimicrobial usage is limited by the properties of the membrane of the target cell such as the electrical gradient ( membrane potential ) and lipid composition.
Photodynamic therapy: PK Penetrating keratoplasy: POAG Primary open-angle glaucoma PPDR Preproliferative diabetic retinopathy PRA Pan-retinal ablation PRK Photorefractive keratectomy PRP Pan-retinal photocoagulation PSCC Posterior sub-capsular cataract PVD Posterior vitreous detachment PXF Pseudoexfoliative syndrome RD Retinal detachment: RK
While blue light therapy has similar mechanisms for skin enhancement as red light therapy, its usage for photodynamic therapies in treating cancer are slightly different. Blue light therapy stimulates immune system defences, destroys blood vessels that help cancer cells grow, and causes cell death by reacting with oxygen. [ 16 ]
A photosensitizer being used in photodynamic therapy. Photosensitizers are light absorbers that alter the course of a photochemical reaction. They usually are catalysts. [1] They can function by many mechanisms, sometimes they donate an electron to the substrate, sometimes they abstract a hydrogen atom from the substrate.
In the wet form, anti–vascular endothelial growth factor injected into the eye or, less commonly, laser coagulation or photodynamic therapy may slow worsening. [1] Dietary antioxidant vitamins, minerals, and carotenoids do not appear to affect the onset; [5] however, dietary supplements may slow the progression in those who already have the ...