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A nautical mile is a unit of length used in air, marine, and space navigation, and for the definition of territorial waters. [2] [3] [4] Historically, it was defined as the meridian arc length corresponding to one minute ( 1 / 60 of a degree) of latitude at the equator, so that Earth's polar circumference is very near to 21,600 nautical miles (that is 60 minutes × 360 degrees).
Minutes (′) and seconds (″) of arc are also used in cartography and navigation. At sea level one minute of arc along the equator equals exactly one geographical mile (not to be confused with international mile or statute mile) along the Earth's equator or approximately one nautical mile (1,852 metres; 1.151 miles). [14]
A single graphic scale, of the sort on many maps, would therefore be useless on such a chart. Since the length of a nautical mile, for practical purposes, is equivalent to about a minute of latitude, a distance in nautical miles on a chart can easily be measured by using dividers and the latitude
≡ 1 m/s = 1 m/s mile per hour: mph ≡ 1 mi/h = 0.447 04 m/s: mile per minute: mpm ≡ 1 mi/min = 26.8224 m/s: mile per second: mps ≡ 1 mi/s = 1 609.344 m/s: speed of light in vacuum: c: ≡ 299 792 458 m/s = 299 792 458 m/s: speed of sound in air: s: 1225 to 1062 km/h (761–660 mph or 661–574 kn) [note 1] ≈ 340 to 295 m/s: Note
The geographical mile is an international unit of length determined by 1 minute of arc ( 1 / 60 degree) along the Earth's equator. For the international ellipsoid 1924 this equalled 1855.4 metres. [1] The American Practical Navigator 2017 defines the geographical mile as 6,087.08 feet (1,855.342 m). [2]
1 meridian minute: 1,853.181: Turkish (nautical) mile: Turkey: 1933: today: 1,855.4 (for comparison) 1 equatorial minute: Though the NM was defined on the basis of the minute, it varies from the equatorial minute, because at that time people could only estimate the circumference of the equator to be 40,000 km. 1,894.35: Ottoman mile: Ottoman ...
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Maritime charts are marked in degrees and decimal minutes to facilitate measurement; 1 minute of latitude is 1 nautical mile. The example above would be given as 40° 11.25′ (commonly written as 11′25 or 11′.25). [13]