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R. A. Fisher used n to symbolize degrees of freedom but modern usage typically reserves n for sample size. When reporting the results of statistical tests, the degrees of freedom are typically noted beside the test statistic as either subscript or in parentheses. [6]
The consumed bandwidth in bit/s, corresponds to achieved throughput or goodput, i.e., the average rate of successful data transfer through a communication path.The consumed bandwidth can be affected by technologies such as bandwidth shaping, bandwidth management, bandwidth throttling, bandwidth cap, bandwidth allocation (for example bandwidth allocation protocol and dynamic bandwidth ...
For example, bandwidth tests measure the maximum throughput of a computer network. The reason for this usage is that according to Hartley's law, the maximum data rate of a physical communication link is proportional to its bandwidth in hertz, which is sometimes called frequency bandwidth, spectral bandwidth, RF bandwidth, signal bandwidth or ...
Bandwidth commonly refers to: Bandwidth (signal processing) or analog bandwidth, frequency bandwidth, or radio bandwidth, a measure of the width of a frequency range; Bandwidth (computing), the rate of data transfer, bit rate or throughput; Spectral linewidth, the width of an atomic or molecular spectral line; Bandwidth may also refer to:
In many scientific fields, the degrees of freedom of a system is the number of parameters of the system that may vary independently. For example, a point in the plane has two degrees of freedom for translation : its two coordinates ; a non-infinitesimal object on the plane might have additional degrees of freedoms related to its orientation .
When talking about circuit bit rates, people will interchangeably use the terms throughput, bandwidth and speed, and refer to a circuit as being a '64 k' circuit, or a '2 meg' circuit — meaning 64 kbit/s or 2 Mbit/s (see also the List of connection bandwidths). However, a '64 k' circuit will not transmit a '64 k' file in one second.
Percent bandwidth is a less meaningful measure in wideband applications. A percent bandwidth of 100% corresponds to a ratio bandwidth of 3:1. All higher ratios up to infinity are compressed into the range 100–200%. Ratio bandwidth is often expressed in octaves (i.e., as a frequency level) for wideband applications.
Throughput is usually measured in bits per second (bit/s, sometimes abbreviated bps), and sometimes in packets per second (p/s or pps) or data packets per time slot. The system throughput or aggregate throughput is the sum of the data rates that are delivered over all channels in a network. [1] Throughput represents digital bandwidth consumption.