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For example, AFR is used to characterize the reliability of hard disk drives.. The relationship between AFR and MTBF (in hours) is: [1] = (/) This equation assumes that the device or component is powered on for the full 8766 hours of a year, and gives the estimated fraction of an original sample of devices or components that will fail in one year, or, equivalently, 1 − AFR is the fraction of ...
Air–fuel equivalence ratio, λ (lambda), is the ratio of actual AFR to stoichiometry for a given mixture. λ = 1.0 is at stoichiometry, rich mixtures λ < 1.0, and lean mixtures λ > 1.0. There is a direct relationship between λ and AFR. To calculate AFR from a given λ, multiply the measured λ by the
The mean time between failures (MTBF, /) is often reported instead of the failure rate, as numbers such as "2,000 hours" are more intuitive than numbers such as "0.0005 per hour". However, this is only valid if the failure rate λ ( t ) {\displaystyle \lambda (t)} is actually constant over time, such as within the flat region of the bathtub curve.
AFR belongs to a class of parallel rendering methods, which subdivide a four-dimensional image frame [dubious – discuss] sequence (x,y,z and time) into smaller regions, each of which is then assigned to a different physical processor within a multi-processor array. Note that the regional boundaries may be defined in space or in time.
Adjusted gross income is an important number used to determine how much you owe in taxes. It's a factor in determining your federal tax bracket and taxable income -- the portion of your income ...
Adjusted present value (APV) is a valuation method introduced in 1974 by Stewart Myers. [1] The idea is to value the project as if it were all equity financed ("unleveraged"), and to then add the present value of the tax shield of debt – and other side effects. [2] Technically, an APV valuation model looks similar to a standard DCF model.
Each year, high-income taxpayers must calculate and then pay the greater of an alternative minimum tax (AMT) or regular tax. [9] The alternative minimum taxable income (AMTI) is calculated by taking the taxpayer's regular income and adding on disallowed credits and deductions such as the bargain element from incentive stock options, state and local tax deduction, foreign tax credits, and ...
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is the volume of fluid filtered from the renal (kidney) glomerular capillaries into the Bowman's capsule per unit time. [4] Central to the physiologic maintenance of GFR is the differential basal tone of the afferent (input) and efferent (output) arterioles (see diagram).