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The cancer stem cell model, also known as the Hierarchical Model proposes that tumors are hierarchically organized (CSCs lying at the apex [6] (Fig. 3).) Within the cancer population of the tumors there are cancer stem cells (CSC) that are tumorigenic cells and are biologically distinct from other subpopulations [7] They have two defining features: their long-term ability to self-renew and ...
In contrast to normal cells, a striking characteristic of cancer cells is the remarkable degree of phenotypic plasticity they exhibit. For example, cancer cells undergo epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) that plays important roles in their survival, proliferation, and development of resistance to therapeutic treatments, [2] [3] or ...
This changes however in cancer cells, where Nodal is significantly upregulated in numerous aggressive cancers. [1] Nodal signaling occurs unchecked in cancers through binding of activin-like kinase receptors ALK and signals downstream transcription associated with increased cell plasticity, an essential factor in VM formation. Notch function ...
The cancer stem cell model asserts that within a population of tumour cells, there is only a small subset of cells that are tumourigenic (able to form tumours). These cells are termed cancer stem cells (CSCs), and are marked by the ability to both self-renew and differentiate into non-tumourigenic progeny. The CSC model posits that the ...
A stem cell possesses two properties: . Self-renewal is the ability to go through numerous cycles of cell division while still maintaining its undifferentiated state. Stem cells can replicate several times and can result in the formation of two stem cells, one stem cell more differentiated than the other, or two differentiated cells.
MUC-1 allows triple-negative breast cancer stem cells to engage in linear plasticity, a transition from one pathway into another, thus supporting the progression of TNBC. [18] Recent studies have shown changes of MUC-1 family antigences (CA 15-3, CA 27.29 and MCA) in saliva in breast cancer patients. Downregulated MUC1 was associated with HER2 ...
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