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Codeforces (Russian: Коудфорсес) is a website that hosts competitive programming contests. [1] It is maintained by a group of competitive programmers from ITMO University led by Mikhail Mirzayanov. [2] Since 2013, Codeforces claims to surpass Topcoder in terms of active contestants. [3] As of 2019, it has over 600,000 registered users ...
In classical cryptography, the running key cipher is a type of polyalphabetic substitution cipher in which a text, typically from a book, is used to provide a very long keystream. The earliest description of such a cipher was given in 1892 by French mathematician Arthur Joseph Hermann (better known for founding Éditions Hermann ).
This is how the printer's key may appear in the first print run of a book. In this common example numbers are removed with subsequent printings, so if "1" is seen then the book is the first printing of that edition. If it is the second printing then the "1" is removed, meaning that the lowest number seen will be "2". [3]
A book cipher is a cipher in which each word or letter in the plaintext of a message is replaced by some code that locates it in another text, the key. A simple version of such a cipher would use a specific book as the key, and would replace each word of the plaintext by a number that gives the position where that word occurs in that book.
The Key to Rebecca is a novel by the British author Ken Follett. [1] Published in 1980 by Pan Books ( ISBN 0792715381 ), it was a best-seller that achieved popularity in the United Kingdom and worldwide.