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Diagnosis is typically based on symptoms and supported by urinalysis. [2] If there is no improvement with treatment, medical imaging may be recommended. [2] Pyelonephritis may be preventable by urination after sex and drinking sufficient fluids. [1] Once present it is generally treated with antibiotics, such as ciprofloxacin or ceftriaxone.
The presentations may be vague and include incontinence, a change in mental status, or fatigue as the only symptoms, [10] while some present to a health care provider with sepsis, an infection of the blood, as the first symptoms. [7] Diagnosis can be complicated by the fact that many elderly people have preexisting incontinence or dementia. [11]
Urosepsis is defined as sepsis caused by a urogenital tract infection and comprises about 25% of all sepsis cases. [18] Urosepsis is the result of a systemic inflammatory response to infection and can be identified by numerous signs and symptoms (e.g. fever, hypothermia, tachycardia, and leukocytosis). [ 18 ]
Sepsis is a potentially life-threatening condition that arises when the body's response to infection causes injury to its own tissues and organs. [4] [7]This initial stage of sepsis is followed by suppression of the immune system. [8]
This constellation of symptoms contrasts with the classical presentation of nephrotic syndrome (excessive proteinuria >3.5 g/day, low plasma albumin levels (hypoalbuminemia) <3 g/L, generalized edema, and hyperlipidemia). [8] [10] Signs and symptoms that are consistent with nephritic syndrome include: Hematuria (red blood cells in the urine) [11]
Nephritis can often be caused by infections and toxins, but it is most commonly caused by autoimmune disorders that affect the major organs like kidneys. [5]Pyelonephritis is inflammation that results from a urinary tract infection that reaches the renal pelvis of the kidney.
Diagnosis is made by history and examination. [citation needed] In immunocompromised patients, pus is present in the urine but often no organism can be cultured. In children, polymerase chain reaction sequencing of urine can detect fragments of the infectious agent. [citation needed] The procedure differs somewhat for women and men.
These early symptoms can include diarrhea (which is often bloody), stomach cramps, mild fever, [10] or vomiting that results in dehydration and reduced urine. [9] HUS typically develops about 5–10 days after the first symptoms, but can take up to 3 weeks to manifest, and occurs at a time when the diarrhea is improving. [ 10 ]