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Moreover, scholars in the early 21st century, such as Philip Huang (黃宗智), have argued that the traditional Chinese system of justice was fair, efficient, and frequently used in the settlement of disputes. Use of property was divided into topsoil and subsoil rights. Landlords with subsoil rights had a permanent claim to the property if ...
During the Brahmana period, the process of giving punishments to culprits was formed and for this reason law-assistants were appointed. The full Judicial procedure came into light during the composition of the Dharmaśāstras and Smrtis. King figures appeared as the highest judicial authority with a network of courts established under him.
The Early Middle Ages (or early medieval period), sometimes controversially referred to as the Dark Ages, is typically regarded by historians as lasting from the late 5th to the 10th century. [ note 1 ] They marked the start of the Middle Ages of European history , following the decline of the Western Roman Empire , and preceding the High ...
The eastern Asia legal tradition reflects a unique blend of secular and religious influences. [14] Japan was the first country to begin modernising its legal system along western lines, by importing bits of the French, but mostly the German Civil Code. [15] This partly reflected Germany's status as a rising power in the late nineteenth century.
Legalism, a competing school of thought during the Warring States period (475-221 BCE), maintained that man was by nature evil and had to be controlled by strict rules of law and uniform justice. Legalist philosophy had its greatest impact during the first imperial dynasty, the Qin (221–207 BCE).
In this time period, neighbouring regions such as Afghanistan, Tibet, and Southeast Asia were under South Asian influence. [ 4 ] During the late medieval period, a series of Islamic invasions by the Arabs , the Ghaznavids and the Ghurids conquered large portions of Northern India.
The appeal system was practised and the King was the highest body of appeal. One significant feature of the ancient Indian legal system was the absence of lawyers. [6] Another notable feature was that a bench of two or more judges was always preferred to administer justice rather than a single individual being the sole administrator of justice. [7]
The four occupations were the shì (士) the class of "knightly" scholars, mostly from lower aristocratic orders, the gōng (工) who were the artisans and craftsmen of the kingdom and who, like the farmers, produced essential goods needed by themselves and the rest of society, the nóng (農) who were the peasant farmers who cultivated the land which provided the essential food for the people ...