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APL (named after the book A Programming Language) [3] is a programming language developed in the 1960s by Kenneth E. Iverson. Its central datatype is the multidimensional array . It uses a large range of special graphic symbols [ 4 ] to represent most functions and operators, leading to very concise code.
none (unique language) 1951 Intermediate Programming Language Arthur Burks: Short Code 1951 Boehm unnamed coding system Corrado Böhm: CPC Coding scheme 1951 Klammerausdrücke Konrad Zuse: Plankalkül 1951 Stanislaus (Notation) Fritz Bauer: none (unique language) 1951 Sort Merge Generator: Betty Holberton: none (unique language) 1952
In APL the precedence hierarchy for functions or operators is strictly positional: expressions are evaluated right-to-left. APL does not follow the usual operator precedence of other programming languages; for example, × does not bind its operands any more "tightly" than +. Instead of operator precedence, APL defines a notion of scope.
The concept of a one-liner program has been known since the 1960s [1] with the release of the APL programming language. With its terse syntax and powerful mathematical operators, APL allowed useful programs to be represented in a few symbols. In the 1970s, one-liners became associated with the rise of the home computer and BASIC.
The programming language APL uses a number of symbols, rather than words from natural language, to identify operations, similarly to mathematical symbols.Prior to the wide adoption of Unicode, a number of special-purpose EBCDIC and non-EBCDIC code pages were used to represent the symbols required for writing APL.
This is a "genealogy" of programming languages. Languages are categorized under the ancestor language with the strongest influence. Those ancestor languages are listed in alphabetic order. Any such categorization has a large arbitrary element, since programming languages often incorporate major ideas from multiple sources.
Coding is a facet of computer programming, a process used to write instructions for what a computer, application, or software program does.
The algorithm works by sorting the rows individually ({⍵ [⍋ ⍵]} ⍤ 1 ⊢ a), and these sorted rows are used as keys ("signature" in the Programming Pearls description) to the key operator ⌸ to group the rows of the matrix. [9]: §3.3 The expression on the right is a train, a syntactic form employed by APL to achieve tacit programming.