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A positive reading gap means that girls outperform boys (this is true in every country, so no country has a negative reading gap). There is a negative correlation between the mathematics and reading gender gaps, that is, nations with a larger mathematics gap have a smaller reading gap and vice versa. [1]
For example, where data are available in Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean, the gender gap is largely in favor of boys in mathematics achievement in secondary education. In contrast, in the Arab States, girls perform better than boys in both subjects in primary and secondary education.
Another way the educational system discriminates towards females is through course-taking, especially in high school. This is important because course-taking represents a large gender gap in what courses males and females take, which leads to different educational and occupational paths between males and females.
The gender gap in mathematics is particularly large among the highest-achieving students; for example, there is a 2.1 to 1 male-female ratio among students who score an 800 on the math portion of the SAT. [21] At least one study has challenged the existence of the gender gap in mathematics.
According to PISA 2015 results, 4.8% of boys and 0.4% of girls expect an ICT career. [40]Studies suggest that many factors contribute to the attitudes towards the achievement of young men in mathematics and science, including encouragement from parents, interactions with mathematics and science teachers, curriculum content, hands-on laboratory experiences, high school achievement in ...
For example, they highlight research that suggests male students "gender" good academic performance. [ 12 ] While studies have demonstrated the disparities between male and female students in STEM , a study by the American Association of University Women shows the unequal distribution of male students in subjects like English and the Arts. [ 13 ]
A small performance difference in mathematics on the SAT [28] persists in favor of males, though the gap has shrunk from 40 points (5.0%) in 1975 [29] to 18 points (2.3%) in 2020. [30] However, the SAT is not a representative sample, given that it tests only college-bound students, and more women than men have attended college since the 1990s. [31]
Using a decomposition based on a pooled hybrid specification, they find that 13% to 29% of the gender math gap exists due to gender differences in the incidence and returns to intense gaming. They argue that there is a potential role for gaming network effects as they compare and contrast the negative and positive girl-specific effects found ...