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A network interface controller (NIC, also known as a network interface card, [3] network adapter, LAN adapter and physical network interface [4]) is a computer hardware component that connects a computer to a computer network. [5] Early network interface controllers were commonly implemented on expansion cards that plugged into a computer bus.
NDIS Miniport drivers can also use Windows Driver Model interfaces to control network hardware. [19] Another driver type is NDIS Intermediate Driver. Intermediate drivers sit in-between the MAC and IP layers and can control all traffic being accepted by the NIC. In practice, intermediate drivers implement both miniport and protocol interfaces.
A wireless network interface controller may be implemented as an expansion card and connected using PCI bus or PCIe bus, or connected via USB, PC Card, ExpressCard, Mini PCIe or M.2. The low cost and ubiquity of the Wi-Fi standard means that many newer mobile computers have a wireless network interface built into the motherboard.
Networking hardware typically refers to equipment facilitating the use of a computer network. Typically, this includes routers, switches, access points, network interface cards and other related hardware. This is a list of notable vendors who produce network hardware.
TCP offload engine (TOE) is a technology used in some network interface cards (NIC) to offload processing of the entire TCP/IP stack to the network controller. It is primarily used with high-speed network interfaces, such as gigabit Ethernet and 10 Gigabit Ethernet, where processing overhead of the network stack becomes significant.
Promiscuous mode is often used to diagnose network connectivity issues. There are programs that make use of this feature to show the user all the data being transferred over the network. Some protocols like FTP and Telnet transfer data and passwords in clear text, without encryption, and network scanners can see this data.
3Com 3c509B-Combo card (3C509BC), second generation for the ISA 16-bit bus and 10BASE-T, AUI and 10BASE-2. 3Com 3c509 is a line of Ethernet IEEE 802.3 network cards for the ISA, EISA, MCA and PCMCIA computer buses. [1] It was designed by 3Com and put on the market in 1992, followed by the improved version 3c509B in 1994. [1] [2]
NIC—Network Interface Controller or Network Interface Card; NIM—No Internal Message; NIO—Non-blocking I/O; NIST—National Institute of Standards and Technology; NLE—Non-Linear Editing system; NLP—Natural Language Processing; NLS—Native Language Support; NMI—Non-Maskable Interrupt; NNTP—Network News Transfer Protocol; NOC ...