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Alpha-synuclein is a synuclein protein primarily found in neural tissue, making up as much as one percent of all proteins in the cytosol of brain cells. [17] It is expressed highly in neurons within the frontal cortex, hippocampus, striatum, and olfactory bulb, [17] but can also be found in the non-neuronal glial cells. [18]
Alpha-synuclein deposits can affect the cardiac muscle and blood vessels. [15] Almost all people with synucleinopathies have cardiovascular dysfunction, although most are asymptomatic. [15] From chewing to defecation, alpha-synuclein deposits affect every level of gastrointestinal
Also, DLB is a synucleinopathy, meaning that it is characterized by abnormal deposits of alpha-synuclein protein in the brain. The synucleinopathies include Parkinson's disease, multiple system atrophy, and other rarer conditions. [14] The vocabulary of diseases associated with Lewy pathology causes confusion. [15]
The illness occurs due to abnormal accumulations of a protein called alpha-synuclein in a person’s cells and brain. These deposits of alpha-synuclein (called Lewy bodies) can cause severe ...
Alpha-synuclein modulates DNA repair processes, including repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) by the process of non-homologous end joining [13] The repair function of alpha-synuclein appears to be greatly reduced in Lewy body bearing neurons, and this reduction may trigger cell death.
The exact cause is unknown, but involves widespread deposits of abnormal clumps of protein that form in neurons of the diseased brain. [7] Known as Lewy bodies (discovered in 1912 by Frederic Lewy [8]) and Lewy neurites, these clumps affect both the central nervous system and the autonomic nervous system. [9]
The cause of this selective cell death is unknown. Notably, alpha-synuclein-ubiquitin complexes and aggregates are observed to accumulate in Lewy bodies within affected neurons. It is thought that defects in protein transport machinery and regulation, such as RAB1, may play a role in this disease mechanism. [24]
Mutations in alpha-synuclein are associated with early-onset familial Parkinson's disease and the protein aggregates abnormally in Parkinson's disease, Lewy body disease, and other neurodegenerative diseases. [5] [6] The gamma-synuclein protein's expression in breast tumors is a marker for tumor progression. [7] [8]