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A pleural effusion is accumulation of excessive fluid in the pleural space, the potential space that surrounds each lung.Under normal conditions, pleural fluid is secreted by the parietal pleural capillaries at a rate of 0.6 millilitre per kilogram weight per hour, and is cleared by lymphatic absorption leaving behind only 5–15 millilitres of fluid, which helps to maintain a functional ...
Restrictive lung diseases are a category of extrapulmonary, pleural, or parenchymal respiratory diseases that restrict lung expansion, [2] resulting in a decreased lung volume, an increased work of breathing, and inadequate ventilation and/or oxygenation. Pulmonary function test demonstrates a decrease in the forced vital capacity.
Interstitial lung disease (ILD), or diffuse parenchymal lung disease (DPLD), [3] is a group of respiratory diseases affecting the interstitium (the tissue) and space around the alveoli (air sacs) of the lungs. [4] It concerns alveolar epithelium, pulmonary capillary endothelium, basement membrane, and perivascular and perilymphatic tissues. It ...
Pulmonary function: increased residual volume, increased total lung capacity, fixed obstruction, low diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide that corrects with alveolar volume; High-resolution CT scan: diffuse pulmonary nodules 4–10 mm, greater than 20 nodules, mosaic attenuation or air trapping in greater than 50% of the lung
While a lung biopsy is the gold standard, some clinicians opt against this due to the risks of the procedure. Lung biopsies performed on patients with NSIP reveal two different disease patterns – cellular and fibrosing – which are associated with different prognoses. The cellular pattern displays chronic inflammation with minimal fibrosis.
The differential diagnosis includes other types of lung disease that cause similar symptoms and show similar abnormalities on chest radiographs. Some of these diseases cause fibrosis, scarring or honeycomb change. The most common considerations include: chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis; non-specific interstitial pneumonia; sarcoidosis
Extrapulmonary restriction is a type of restrictive lung disease, indicated by decreased alveolar ventilation with accompanying hypercapnia.It is characterized as an inhibition to the drive to breathe, or an ineffective restoration of the drive to breathe.
Conditions that limit the ability of the lung tissue to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and the air within the lungs. Any disease which can damage the lung tissue can fit into this category. The most common causes are (in no particular order) infections, interstitial lung disease, and pulmonary edema. Causes of respiratory ...