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The syndrome presents with hematuria (blood in the urine) and flank (a region of the lower back beneath the ribs and above the ilium) pain which can result from a number of causes. Nonglomerular causes of bleeding (e.g., urinary infection, tumor, or nephrolithiasis) must be excluded.
Hematuria can be classified according to visibility, anatomical origin, and timing of blood during urination. [1] [6]In terms of visibility, hematuria can be visible to the naked eye (termed "gross hematuria") and may appear red or brown (sometimes referred to as tea-colored), or it can be microscopic (i.e. not visible but detected with a microscope or laboratory test).
Hematuria (one of the symptoms of Nephritic syndrome Historically, nephritic syndrome has been characterized by blood in the urine ( hematuria ), high blood pressure ( hypertension ), decreased urine output <400 ml/day ( oliguria ), red blood cell casts , pyuria , and mild to moderate proteinuria .
Most patients have been reported to have gross or microscopic hematuria. [8] Significantly increased serum lactate dehydrogenase levels and proteinuria may also be observed. [7] Renal angiography is still the gold standard, but CT renal angiography, CT angiography, and DMSA radioisotope scan can also be used to establish the diagnosis. [4]
Thin basement membrane disease (previously referred to as "benign familial hematuria") is, along with IgA nephropathy, the most common cause of hematuria without other symptoms. The only abnormal finding in this disease is a thinning of the basement membrane of the glomeruli in the kidneys.
Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN) is a syndrome of the kidney that is characterized by a rapid loss of kidney function, [4] [5] (usually a 50% decline in the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) within 3 months) [5] with glomerular crescent formation seen in at least 50% [5] or 75% [4] of glomeruli seen on kidney biopsies.
The signs and symptoms of NCS are all derived from the outflow obstruction of the left renal vein. The compression causes renal vein hypertension, leading to hematuria (which can lead to anemia) [4] and abdominal pain (classically left flank or pelvic pain). [5] The abdominal pain may improve or worsen depending on positioning. [5]
The research on economic problems of the health sector became an important topic of economic research. [16] Selma Muskin published "Towards the definition of health economics" in 1958 and, four years later, the paper, "Health as an Investment". At that time, health was broadly regarded as rather a consumptive branch of the economy.