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In quantum mechanics, the Pauli exclusion principle states that two or more identical particles with half-integer spins (i.e. fermions) cannot simultaneously occupy the same quantum state within a system that obeys the laws of quantum mechanics. This principle was formulated by Austrian physicist Wolfgang Pauli in 1925 for electrons, and later ...
Pauli exclusion principle [ edit ] The property of spin relates to another basic property concerning systems of N identical particles: the Pauli exclusion principle , which is a consequence of the following permutation behaviour of an N -particle wave function; again in the position representation one must postulate that for the transposition ...
For example, a single Grassmann number can be thought of as generating a one-dimensional space. A vector space, the m -dimensional superspace , then appears as the m -fold Cartesian product of these one-dimensional Λ . {\displaystyle \Lambda .} [ clarification needed ] It can be shown that this is essentially equivalent to an algebra with m ...
Pauli matrices. Wolfgang Pauli (1900–1958), c. 1924. Pauli received the Nobel Prize in physics in 1945, nominated by Albert Einstein, for the Pauli exclusion principle. In mathematical physics and mathematics, the Pauli matrices are a set of three 2 × 2 complex matrices that are traceless, Hermitian, involutory and unitary.
Exchange interaction is the main physical effect responsible for ferromagnetism, and has no classical analogue. For bosons, the exchange symmetry makes them bunch together, and the exchange interaction takes the form of an effective attraction that causes identical particles to be found closer together, as in Bose–Einstein condensation.
Nuclear physics. In nuclear physics, atomic physics, and nuclear chemistry, the nuclear shell model utilizes the Pauli exclusion principle to model the structure of atomic nuclei in terms of energy levels. [1] The first shell model was proposed by Dmitri Ivanenko (together with E. Gapon) in 1932. The model was developed in 1949 following ...
Strong coupling between two cations through an intermediary anion. Superexchange or Kramers–Anderson superexchange interaction, is a prototypical indirect exchange coupling between neighboring magnetic moments (usually next-nearest neighboring cations, see the schematic illustration of MnO below) by virtue of exchanging electrons through a ...
Electron degeneracy pressure. In astrophysics and condensed matter physics, electron degeneracy pressure is a quantum mechanical effect critical to understanding the stability of white dwarf stars and metal solids. It is a manifestation of the more general phenomenon of quantum degeneracy pressure. The term "degenerate" here is not related to ...