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For those with obstructive sleep apnea unable or unwilling to comply with first line treatment, the surgical intervention has to be adapted to an individual's specific anatomy and physiology, personal preference and disease severity. [114] Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty with or without is the most common surgery for patients with obstructive sleep ...
Obstructive sleep apnea can affect people regardless of sex, race, or age. [32] However, risk factors include: [33] male sex [33] [34] [18] obesity [33] [34] age over 40 [33] large neck circumference [33] enlarged tonsils or tongue [33] narrow upper jaw [15] small lower jaw [34] tongue fat/tongue scalloping [15] a family history of sleep apnea [33]
The American Academy of Sleep Medicine uses RDI to determine the severity of Obstructive Sleep Apnea according to the following range: 5–14.9 for mild, 15–29.9 for moderate, and 30+ for severe, similar to the one used in the AHI. [6]
Central hypoventilation syndrome (CHS) is a sleep-related breathing disorder that causes ineffective breathing, apnea, or respiratory arrest during sleep (and during wakefulness in severe cases). CHS can either be congenital (CCHS) or acquired (ACHS) later in life. The condition can be fatal if untreated. CCHS was once known as Ondine's curse.
Respiratory arrest is a serious medical condition caused by apnea or respiratory dysfunction severe enough that it will not sustain the body (such as agonal breathing). Prolonged apnea refers to a patient who has stopped breathing for a long period of time. If the heart muscle contraction is intact, the condition is known as respiratory arrest.
Causes may include heart failure, kidney failure, narcotic poisoning, intracranial pressure, and hypoperfusion of the brain (particularly of the respiratory center). The pathophysiology of Cheyne–Stokes breathing can be summarized as apnea leading to increased CO 2 which causes excessive compensatory hyperventilation, in turn causing decreased CO 2 which causes apnea, restarting the cycle.
Sleep apnea is measured by the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI). An AHI is determined with a sleep study. AHI values for adults are categorized as: [2] [3] Normal: AHI<5; Mild sleep apnea: 5≤AHI<15; Moderate sleep apnea: 15≤AHI<30; Severe sleep apnea: AHI≥30; An episode is when a person hesitates to breathe or stops their breathing altogether.
[5] [15] In the 1960s, various further discoveries were made that led to the distinction between obstructive sleep apnea and sleep hypoventilation. [16] The term "Pickwickian syndrome" has fallen out of favor because it does not distinguish obesity hypoventilation syndrome and sleep apnea as separate disorders (which may coexist). [16] [17]