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The first derivative implied by these parametric equations is = / / = ˙ ˙ (), where the notation ˙ denotes the derivative of x with respect to t. This can be derived using the chain rule for derivatives: d y d t = d y d x ⋅ d x d t {\displaystyle {\frac {dy}{dt}}={\frac {dy}{dx}}\cdot {\frac {dx}{dt}}} and dividing both sides by d x d t ...
The second derivative of a function f can be used to determine the concavity of the graph of f. [2] A function whose second derivative is positive is said to be concave up (also referred to as convex), meaning that the tangent line near the point where it touches the function will lie below the graph of the function.
Thus, the second partial derivative test indicates that f(x, y) has saddle points at (0, −1) and (1, −1) and has a local maximum at (,) since = <. At the remaining critical point (0, 0) the second derivative test is insufficient, and one must use higher order tests or other tools to determine the behavior of the function at this point.
The higher-order derivative test or general derivative test is able to determine whether a function's critical points are maxima, minima, or points of inflection for a wider variety of functions than the second-order derivative test. As shown below, the second-derivative test is mathematically identical to the special case of n = 1 in the ...
In calculus, the chain rule is a formula that expresses the derivative of the composition of two differentiable functions f and g in terms of the derivatives of f and g.More precisely, if = is the function such that () = (()) for every x, then the chain rule is, in Lagrange's notation, ′ = ′ (()) ′ (). or, equivalently, ′ = ′ = (′) ′.
The symmetry may be broken if the function fails to have differentiable partial derivatives, which is possible if Clairaut's theorem is not satisfied (the second partial derivatives are not continuous). The function f(x, y), as shown in equation , does not have symmetric second derivatives at its origin.
The second fundamental form of a general parametric surface S is defined as follows. Let r = r(u 1,u 2) be a regular parametrization of a surface in R 3, where r is a smooth vector-valued function of two variables. It is common to denote the partial derivatives of r with respect to u α by r α, α = 1, 2.
An illustration of the five-point stencil in one and two dimensions (top, and bottom, respectively). In numerical analysis, given a square grid in one or two dimensions, the five-point stencil of a point in the grid is a stencil made up of the point itself together with its four "neighbors".