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As mentioned above, "mood stabilizers" do not have a unified mechanism of action; the term simply describes how these drugs can be used. The precise mechanism of action of lithium is still unknown, and it is suspected that it acts at various points of the neuron between the nucleus and the synapse. Lithium is known to inhibit the enzyme GSK-3B.
The primary treatment for bipolar disorder consists of medications called mood stabilizers, which are used to prevent or control episodes of mania or depression. Medications from several classes have mood stabilizing activity. Many individuals may require a combination of medication to achieve full remission of symptoms. [2]
Another review asserted that evidence from clinical trials supports the efficacy of physical exercise as a treatment for depression over a 2–4 month period. [5] These benefits have also been noted in old age, with a review conducted in 2019 finding that exercise is an effective treatment for clinically diagnosed depression in older adults. [102]
Exercise could strengthen some of the pathways our brain uses to relay signals for recent events, or boost the size of certain brain regions that are key for learning and storing memories.
This introduced the now popular drug lithium carbonate to the mainstream public, as well as being the first mood stabilizer to be approved by the U.S. Food & Drug Administration. Besides lithium, several anticonvulsants and atypical antipsychotics have mood stabilizing activity. The mechanism of action of mood stabilizers is not well understood.
Medications that inhibit or induce those enzymes change the amount of guanfacine in circulation and thus its efficacy and rate of adverse effects. Because of its impact on the heart, it should be used with caution with other cardioactive drugs. A similar concern is appropriate when it is used with sedating medications. [30]
Trileptal (oxcarbazepine) – an anticonvulsant used as a mood stabilizer; Trintellix (vortioxetine) – an antidepressant of the serotonin modulator and stimulator class; Tegretol (carbamazepine) – an anticonvulsant used as a mood stabilizer; Trilafon (perphenazine)- an antipsychotic used to treat schizophrenia
Some drugs can increase the clearance of lithium from the body, which can result in decreased lithium levels in the blood. These drugs include theophylline , caffeine , and acetazolamide . Additionally, increasing dietary sodium intake may also reduce lithium levels by prompting the kidneys to excrete more lithium.