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Dysgeusia, also known as parageusia, is a distortion of the sense of taste. Dysgeusia is also often associated with ageusia, which is the complete lack of taste, and hypogeusia, which is a decrease in taste sensitivity. [1] An alteration in taste or smell may be a secondary process in various disease states, or it may be the primary symptom.
The International Association for the Study of Pain defines burning mouth syndrome as "a distinctive nosological entity characterized by unremitting oral burning or similar pain in the absence of detectable mucosal changes" [1] and "burning pain in the tongue or other oral mucous membranes", [8] and the International Headache Society defines it ...
Hypogeusia can be defined as the reduced ability to taste things. [1] Due to a lack of stratification, the prevalence of hypogeusia, as well as hyposmia, may not be accurately known. [2] Additionally, reviews do not always make distinctions between ageusia and hypogeusia, often classifying them as the same in certain circumstances and studies. [3]
Geographic tongue, also known by several other terms, [note 1] is a condition of the mucous membrane of the tongue, usually on the dorsal surface. It is a common condition, affecting approximately 2–3% of the general population. [2] [7] It is characterized by areas of smooth, red depapillation (loss of lingual papillae) which migrate over time.
Transient lingual papillitis is generally diagnosed based on patient presentation, meaning where it is located in the mouth and how big the bump is. [8] The visual presentation can also accompany various signs and symptoms such as difficulty eating, having a "strawberry tongue", increased saliva production, and a burning or tingling sensation. [9]
Other signs and symptoms may be present, but not always. [2] Foul breath. Bad taste (metallic taste). [3] Malaise, fever and/or cervical lymph node enlargement are rare (unlike the typical features of herpetic stomatitis). [3] Pain is fairly well localized to the affected areas. [3] Systemic reactions may be more pronounced in children. [2]
Iron-deficiency anemia is mainly caused by blood loss, such as may occur during menses or gastrointestinal hemorrhage.This often results in a depapilled, atrophic glossitis, giving the tongue a bald and shiny appearance, along with pallor (paleness) of the lips and other mucous membranes a tendency towards recurrent oral ulceration, [6] and cheilosis (swelling of the lips). [7]
Taste, along with the sense of smell and trigeminal nerve stimulation (registering texture, pain, and temperature), determines flavors of food and other substances. Humans have taste receptors on taste buds and other areas, including the upper surface of the tongue and the epiglottis. [2] [3] The gustatory cortex is responsible for the ...