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Preclinical imaging is the visualization of living animals for research purposes, [1] such as drug development. Imaging modalities have long been crucial to the researcher in observing changes, either at the organ, tissue, cell, or molecular level, in animals responding to physiological or environmental changes.
Two-photon excitation microscopy of mouse intestine.Red: actin.Green: cell nuclei.Blue: mucus of goblet cells.Obtained at 780 nm using a Ti-sapphire laser.. Two-photon excitation microscopy (TPEF or 2PEF) is a fluorescence imaging technique that is particularly well-suited to image scattering living tissue of up to about one millimeter in thickness.
Fluorescence-lifetime imaging microscopy or FLIM is an imaging technique based on the differences in the exponential decay rate of the photon emission of a fluorophore from a sample. It can be used as an imaging technique in confocal microscopy , two-photon excitation microscopy , and multiphoton tomography.
This analysis is a component of many fluorescence imaging machines and improvements in spatial resolution could improve the sensitivity and range. [8] Development of more sensitive probes and analytical techniques for laser induced fluorescence can allow for more accurate, up-to-date experimental data.
An example Gel documentation system, showing the results of gel electrophoresis on a connected monitor.. A gel doc, also known as a gel documentation system, gel image system or gel imager, refers to equipment widely used in molecular biology laboratories for the imaging and documentation of nucleic acid and protein suspended within polyacrylamide or agarose gels.
In drug development, preclinical development (also termed preclinical studies or nonclinical studies) is a stage of research that begins before clinical trials (testing in humans) and during which important feasibility, iterative testing and drug safety data are collected, typically in laboratory animals.
Fluorescence techniques are biophysical methodologies that exploit the phenomenon of fluorescence to examine and analyze protein–protein, protein–nucleic acid, ligand–receptor, and ligand–lipid interactions. These techniques are also useful in the study of protein conformation and orientation, as well as diffusion and binding constants.
Imaging lenses and digital cameras (CCD or CMOS) are used to produce the final image. Live video processing can also be performed to enhance contrast during fluorescence detection and improve signal-to-background ratio. In recent years a number of commercial companies have emerged to offer devices specializing in fluorescence in the NIR ...