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The Tabula Rogeriana, drawn by al-Idrisi in 1154 The Blue Marble photograph in its original orientation [1]. South-up map orientation is the orientation of a map with south up, at the top of the map, amounting to a 180-degree rotation of the map from the standard convention of north-up.
The orientation of a map is the relationship between the directions on the map and the corresponding compass directions in reality. The word " orient " is derived from Latin oriens , meaning east. In the Middle Ages many maps, including the T and O maps , were drawn with east at the top (meaning that the direction "up" on the map corresponds to ...
The east north up (ENU) local tangent plane is similar to NED, except for swapping 'down' for 'up' and x for y. Local tangent plane coordinates ( LTP ) are part of a spatial reference system based on the tangent plane defined by the local vertical direction and the Earth's axis of rotation.
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In cartography, a map projection is any of a broad set of transformations employed to represent the curved two-dimensional surface of a globe on a plane. [1] [2] [3] In a map projection, coordinates, often expressed as latitude and longitude, of locations from the surface of the globe are transformed to coordinates on a plane.
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James Kent, the eminent jurist and legal scholar, called the plan "brilliant", and wrote in 1896: The map and plan of the Commissioners laid out the highways on the island upon so magnificent a scale, and with so bold a hand, and with such prophetic views, in respect of the future growth and extension of the city, that it will form an ...