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Synergetics is an interdisciplinary science explaining the formation and self-organization of patterns and structures in open systems far from thermodynamic equilibrium. It is founded by Hermann Haken, inspired by the laser theory.
The Requisite Organization International Institute (US) was founded in 1999 by Jaques and Cason [7] to continue development and expansion of research on the application of requisite organization. Jacques' tenth book, A General Theory of Bureaucracy (1976) integrates 25 years of basic science research underpinning stratified system theory ...
Self-organization has also been observed in mathematical systems such as cellular automata. [4] Self-organization is an example of the related concept of emergence. [5] Self-organization relies on four basic ingredients: [6] strong dynamical non-linearity, often (though not necessarily) involving positive and negative feedback
The J1–J2 model is a quantum spin model like the Heisenberg model but also includes a term for the interaction between next-nearest neighbor spins. Hamiltonian [ edit ]
In quantum chemistry, size consistency and size extensivity are concepts relating to how the behaviour of quantum-chemistry calculations changes with the system size. Size consistency (or strict separability) is a property that guarantees the consistency of the energy behaviour when interaction between the involved molecular subsystems is nullified (for example, by distance).
Jacobus van 't Hoff (1852–1911), an influential theoretical chemist and the first winner of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.. Theoretical chemistry is the branch of chemistry which develops theoretical generalizations that are part of the theoretical arsenal of modern chemistry: for example, the concepts of chemical bonding, chemical reaction, valence, the surface of potential energy, molecular ...
1,1’-diethyl-2,2’-cyanine chloride (pseudoisocyanine chloride, PIC chloride) Fiber-like J-aggregates (yellow) and light-guiding microcrystallites (red) A J-aggregate is a type of dye with an absorption band that shifts to a longer wavelength (bathochromic shift) of increasing sharpness (higher absorption coefficient) when it aggregates under the influence of a solvent or additive or ...
A non-biological entity with a cellular organizational structure (also known as a cellular organization, cellular system, nodal organization, nodal structure, et cetera) is set up in such a way that it mimics how natural systems within biology work, with individual 'cells' or 'nodes' working somewhat independently to establish goals and tasks ...