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The Stones of Strength event introduced first at 1986 World's Strongest Man and then 1987 Pure Strength is the beginning of the benchmark in modern day Strongman stone runs [20] where the competitors had to lift five concrete stones of increasing weight, lap them in a squatting position and hoist them to the top of wooden barrels, one by one. [21]
Concrete is a brittle material and can only withstand small amount of tensile strain due to stress before cracking. When a reinforced concrete member is put in tension, after cracking, the member elongates by widening of cracks and by formation of new cracks. Figure 1 Formation of internal cracks
The specimen is placed on the work table and a notch is created exactly at the centre. The crack should be generated such that the defect length is about half the depth. The load applied on the specimen is generally a three-point bending load. A type of strain gauge called a crack-mouth clip gage is used to measure the crack opening. [3]
Concrete fracture analysis is part of fracture mechanics that studies crack propagation and related failure modes in concrete. [17] As it is widely used in construction, fracture analysis and modes of reinforcement are an important part of the study of concrete, and different concretes are characterized in part by their fracture properties. [ 18 ]
The Ardblair Stones is a strength feat, where nine reinforced concrete lifting stones of ascending weight are used. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The 9 stones weigh 18 kg (40 lb), 32 kg (71 lb), 41 kg (90 lb), 50 kg (110 lb), 75 kg (165 lb), 107 kg (236 lb), 118 kg (260 lb), 135 kg (298 lb) and 152 kg (335 lb) respectively. [ 3 ]
The cracks that nucleate do so perpendicular to the original crack and are known as secondary cracks. [9] The figure below emphasizes this point for wingtip cracks. These secondary cracks can grow to as long as 10-15 times the length of the original cracks in simple (uniaxial) compression. However, if a transverse compressive load is applied.
The J-integral represents a way to calculate the strain energy release rate, or work per unit fracture surface area, in a material. [1] The theoretical concept of J-integral was developed in 1967 by G. P. Cherepanov [2] and independently in 1968 by James R. Rice, [3] who showed that an energetic contour path integral (called J) was independent of the path around a crack.
The weight of the element can be determined by the calculated volume, and using the specific gravity (normal weight reinforced concrete is approximately 24 kN/m3). Establishing the lifting anchor positions will influence the rigging arrangements used and therefore the static analysis of the rigging should be determined.