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Non-calcium-based phosphate binders, including lanthanum carbonate, form insoluble complexes with phosphates in food, thereby reducing the amount of phosphate in the body. [1] Sevelamer carbonate. Sevelamer is an insoluble polymeric amine, which is protonated once in the intestines and this allows it to bind dietary phosphate.
Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the human body. [3] The average adult body contains in total approximately 1 kg, 99% in the skeleton in the form of calcium phosphate salts. [3] The extracellular fluid (ECF) contains approximately 22 mmol, of which about 9 mmol is in the plasma. [4]
Diagnosis is generally based on a blood phosphate level exceeding 1.46 mmol/L (4.5 mg/dL). [1] Levels may appear falsely elevated with high blood lipid levels, high blood protein levels, or high blood bilirubin levels. [1] Treatment may include a phosphate low diet and antacids like calcium carbonate that bind phosphate. [1]
Calcium is used to make calcium carbonate (found in chalk) and calcium phosphate, two compounds that the body uses to make teeth and bones. This means that too much calcium within the cells can lead to hardening (calcification) of certain intracellular structures, including the mitochondria, [2] leading to cell death. Therefore, it is vital ...
Calcium buffering describes the processes which help stabilise the concentration of free calcium ions within cells, in a similar manner to how pH buffers maintain a stable concentration of hydrogen ions. [1] The majority of calcium ions within the cell are bound to intracellular proteins, leaving a minority freely dissociated. [2]
Though calcium is the most plentiful electrolyte in the body, a large percentage of it is used to form the bones. [14] It is mainly absorbed and excreted through the GI system. [ 14 ] The majority of calcium resides extracellularly, and it is crucial for the function of neurons , muscle cells , function of enzymes , and coagulation . [ 14 ]
Calcium-binding proteins can be either intracellular and extracellular. Those that are intracellular can contain or lack a structural EF-hand domain. Extracellular calcium-binding proteins are classified into six groups. [2] Since Ca (2+) is an important second messenger, it can act as an activator or inhibitor in gene transcription.
The specificity of bisphosphonate-based drugs comes from the two phosphonate groups (and possibly a hydroxyl at R 1) that work together to coordinate calcium ions. Bisphosphonate molecules preferentially bind to calcium ions. The largest store of calcium in the human body is in bones, so bisphosphonates accumulate to a high concentration only ...