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The fasces is an Italian symbol that had its origin in the Etruscan civilization and was passed on to ancient Rome, where it symbolized a Roman king's power to punish his subjects, [1] and later, a magistrate's power and jurisdiction. The axe has its own separate and older origin.
Bronze statuette of a Roman lictor carrying a fasces, 20 BC to 20 AD. A lictor (possibly from Latin ligare, meaning 'to bind') was a Roman civil servant who was an attendant and bodyguard to a magistrate who held imperium. Roman records describe lictors as having existed since the Roman Kingdom, and may have originated with the Etruscans. [1]
This is an ancient Imperial Roman symbol of power carried by lictors in front of magistrates; a bundle of sticks featuring an axe, indicating the power over life and death. Before the Italian Fascists adopted the fasces, the symbol had been used by Italian political organizations of various political ideologies, called Fasci ("leagues") as a ...
The fasces symbolized the military power, or imperium. [33] When inside the pomerium, the lictors removed the axes from the fasces to show that a citizen could not be executed without a trial. Upon entering the comitia centuriata, the lictors would lower the fasces to show that the powers of the consuls derive from the people.
A large number of films made after World War II made the Roman salute a visual stereotype of a proto-fascist ancient Roman society. [117] In the 1951 film Quo Vadis , Nero 's repeated use of the salute at mass rallies explicitly presents the Roman Empire as a fascist military state. [ 118 ]
The executive magistrates of the Roman Republic were officials of the ancient Roman Republic (c. 510 BC – 44 BC), elected by the People of Rome.Ordinary magistrates (magistratus) were divided into several ranks according to their role and the power they wielded: censors, consuls (who functioned as the regular head of state), praetors, curule aediles, and finally quaestor.
In 1919, Mussolini founded the Italian Fasces of Combat in Milan, which became the National Fascist Party two years later. The fascists came to associate the term with the ancient Roman fasces or fascio littorio, [22] a bundle of rods tied around an axe, [23] an ancient Roman symbol of the authority of the civic magistrate, [24] carried by his ...
The fasces and the she-wolf symbolized the shared Roman heritage of all the regions that constituted the Italian nation. [85] In 1926, the fasces was adopted by the fascist government of Italy as a symbol of the state. [86] In that year, the fascist government attempted to have the Italian national flag redesigned to incorporate the fasces on ...