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Reconstructed and harmonized in the manner of the period by Jean Beck. The text is in the original Old French with an English translation by John Murray Gibbon (1875–1952), [183] the songs being in modern French. Adam of Saint Victor. Adam of Saint Victor (died 1146) was a French poet and composer of Latin hymns and sequences. [184]
Translations are from Old and Middle English, Old French, Old Norse, Latin, Arabic, Greek, Persian, Syriac, Ethiopic, Coptic, Armenian, and Hebrew, and most works cited are generally available in the University of Michigan's HathiTrust digital library [1] and OCLC's WorldCat. [2] Anonymous works are presented by topic.
The first was led by Archbishop Raymond of Toledo in the 12th century, who promoted the translation of philosophical and religious works, mainly from classical Arabic into medieval Latin. Under King Alfonso X of Castile during the 13th century, the translators no longer worked with Latin as the final language, but translated into Old Spanish .
Robert of Chester (Latin: Robertus Castrensis) was an English Arabist of the 12th century. He translated several historically important books from Arabic to Latin , such as: Book on the Composition of Alchemy ( Liber de compositione alchemiae ): translated in 1144, this was the first book on alchemy to become available in Europe [ 1 ]
Translations are from Old and Middle English, Old French, Irish, Scots, Old Dutch, Old Norse or Icelandic, Italian, Latin, Arabic, Greek, Persian, Syriac, Ethiopic, Coptic, Armenian, Hebrew and German, and most works cited are generally available in the University of Michigan's HathiTrust digital library and OCLC's WorldCat. Anonymous works are ...
[255] [256] To which is added the first English translation from the Latin of Questiones Naturales (Questions on Natural Science) by English natural philosopher Adelard of Bath (12th century). [257] Translated and edited by H. Gollancz. A commentary on the book of Job (1905). [258] From a Hebrew manuscript in the University Library, Cambridge.
The first Latin translation is due to James of Venice (12th century), and has always been considered as the translatio vetus (ancient translation). [13] The second Latin translation ( translatio nova , new translation) was made from the Arabic translation of the text around 1230, and it was accompanied by Averroes 's commentary; the translator ...
Gerard was born in Cremona in northern Italy. Dissatisfied with the philosophies of his Italian teachers, Gerard went to Toledo. There he learned Arabic, initially so that he could read Ptolemy's Almagest, [3] which had a traditionally high reputation among scholars, but which, before his departure to Castile, was not yet known in Latin translation.