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Demolished on 3 December 2006. Tallest free-standing structure ever demolished in a controlled manner. The Marina Torch: 336.1 1,105 2011 Skyscraper Residential United Arab Emirates Dubai Damaged by fire in 2015. Wilshire Grand Center: 336 1,102 2017 Skyscraper Office / Hotel United States Los Angeles
In architecture, a lightwell, [NB 1] sky-well, [NB 2] or air shaft is an unroofed or roofed external space provided within the volume of a large building to allow light and air to reach what would otherwise be a dark or unventilated area. Lightwells may be lined with glazed bricks to increase the reflection of sunlight within the space.
Skylights are light transmitting fenestration (products filling openings in a building envelope which also includes windows, doors, etc. [according to whom?]) forming all, or a portion of, the roof of a building space. Skylights are widely used in daylighting design in residential and commercial buildings, mainly because they are the most ...
The Tokyo Skytree in Tokyo, Japan has been the tallest tower since 2012.. This list includes extant structures that fulfill the engineering definition of a tower: "a tall human structure, always taller than it is wide, for public or regular operational access by humans, but not for living in or office work, and which is self-supporting or free-standing, meaning no guy-wires for support."
The first proper lightning rod was invented by Father Prokop Diviš, a Czech priest and scientist, who erected a grounded lightning rod in 1754. Diviš's design involved a vertical iron rod topped with a grounded wire, intended to attract lightning strikes and safely conduct them to the ground. [2]
A light shelf is a horizontal surface that reflects daylight deep into a building. Light shelves are placed above eye-level and have high-reflectance upper surfaces, which reflect daylight onto the ceiling and deeper into the space. Light shelves are typically used in high-rise and low-rise office buildings, as well
The history of electric light is well documented, [11] and with the developments in lighting technology the profession of lighting developed alongside it. The development of high-efficiency, low-cost fluorescent lamps led to a reliance on electric light and a uniform blanket approach to lighting, but the energy crisis of the 1970s required more design consideration and reinvigorated the use of ...
World's tallest mixed-use building 1969–2008. 6 Empire State Building: 449 1,474 1931 Skyscraper Office, observation, UHF/VHF-transmission United States New York City Tallest freestanding structure 1931–1967. Tallest skyscraper 1931–1973.