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The theory of the velocity of the transmission of the pulse through the circulation dates back to 1808 with the work of Thomas Young. [9] The relationship between pulse wave velocity (PWV) and arterial wall stiffness can be derived from Newton's second law of motion (=) applied to a small fluid element, where the force on the element equals the product of density (the mass per unit volume ...
The Moens–Korteweg equation states that PWV is proportional to the square root of the incremental elastic modulus, (E inc), of the vessel wall given constant ratio of wall thickness, h, to vessel radius, r, and blood density, ρ, assuming that the artery wall is isotropic and experiences isovolumetric change with pulse pressure.
In aerodynamics, the normal shock tables are a series of tabulated data listing the various properties before and after the occurrence of a normal shock wave. [1] With a given upstream Mach number , the post-shock Mach number can be calculated along with the pressure , density , temperature , and stagnation pressure ratios.
Both free and paid versions are available. It can handle Microsoft Excel .xls and .xlsx files, and also produce other file formats such as .et, .txt, .csv, .pdf, and .dbf. It supports multiple tabs, VBA macro and PDF converting. [10] Lotus SmartSuite Lotus 123 – for MS Windows. In its MS-DOS (character cell) version, widely considered to be ...
Thermodynamic data is usually presented as a table or chart of function values for one mole of a substance (or in the case of the steam tables, one kg). A thermodynamic datafile is a set of equation parameters from which the numerical data values can be calculated. Tables and datafiles are usually presented at a standard pressure of 1 bar or 1 ...
The "chart" actually consists of a pair of charts: one, the individuals chart, displays the individual measured values; the other, the moving range chart, displays the difference from one point to the next.
crown shape. The thickness of the crown and the average crown spread will be measured and the general crown shape of the tree will be determined by visual comparison with a chart. The crown shape will be used to derive a crown form (CF) value for different tree shapes and will be the third parameter of the crown volume calculation formula.
The dimensionless quantities often represent the degree of deviation from an ideal shape, such as a circle, sphere or equilateral polyhedron. [1] Shape factors are often normalized, that is, the value ranges from zero to one. A shape factor equal to one usually represents an ideal case or maximum symmetry, such as a circle, sphere, square or cube.