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In modular arithmetic, a number g is a primitive root modulo n if every number a coprime to n is congruent to a power of g modulo n. That is, g is a primitive root modulo n if for every integer a coprime to n, there is some integer k for which g k ≡ a (mod n). Such a value k is called the index or discrete logarithm of a to the base g modulo n.
Linnik's theorem in analytic number theory answers a natural question after Dirichlet's theorem on arithmetic progressions.It asserts that there exist positive c and L such that, if we denote p(a,d) the least prime in the arithmetic progression
(sequence A000040 in the OEIS). ... Primes p for which the least positive primitive root is not a primitive root of p 2. Three such primes are known; it is not known ...
In number theory, primes in arithmetic progression are any sequence of at least three prime numbers that are consecutive terms in an arithmetic progression. An example is the sequence of primes (3, 7, 11), which is given by a n = 3 + 4 n {\displaystyle a_{n}=3+4n} for 0 ≤ n ≤ 2 {\displaystyle 0\leq n\leq 2} .
Carmichael calls an element a for which () is the least power of a congruent to 1 (mod n) a primitive λ-root modulo n. [3] (This is not to be confused with a primitive root modulo n, which Carmichael sometimes refers to as a primitive -root modulo n.)
In number theory, a kth root of unity modulo n for positive integers k, n ≥ 2, is a root of unity in the ring of integers modulo n; that is, a solution x to the equation (or congruence) (). If k is the smallest such exponent for x, then x is called a primitive kth root of unity modulo n. [1]
q-3, q-4, q-9, and, for q > 11, q-12 are primitive roots If p is a Sophie Germain prime greater than 3, then p must be congruent to 2 mod 3. For, if not, it would be congruent to 1 mod 3 and 2 p + 1 would be congruent to 3 mod 3, impossible for a prime number. [ 16 ]
This is stronger than Dirichlet's theorem on arithmetic progressions (which only states that there is an infinity of primes in each class) and can be proved using similar methods used by Newman for his proof of the prime number theorem. [31] The Siegel–Walfisz theorem gives a good estimate for the distribution of primes in residue classes.