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The concept of blocking PD-1 and PD-L1 for the treatment of cancer was first published in 2001. [6] Pharmaceutical companies began attempting to develop drugs to block these molecules, and the first clinical trial was launched in 2006, evaluating nivolumab.
Induction chemotherapy is the first line treatment of cancer with a chemotherapeutic drug. This type of chemotherapy is used for curative intent. [1] [6]: 55–59 Combined modality chemotherapy is the use of drugs with other cancer treatments, such as surgery, radiation therapy, or hyperthermia therapy.
Cytarabine is the first of a series of cancer drugs that altered the sugar component of nucleosides. Other cancer drugs modify the base. [13] Cytarabine is often given by continuous intravenous infusion, which follows a biphasic elimination – initial fast clearance rate followed by a slower rate of the analog. [14]
Glycosylation is an important parameter in the optimization of many glycoprotein-based drugs such as monoclonal antibodies. [6] Glycosylation also underpins the ABO blood group system. It is the presence or absence of glycosyltransferases which dictates which blood group antigens are presented and hence what antibody specificities are exhibited.
Gemcitabine, sold under the brand name Gemzar, among others, [1] is a chemotherapy medication used to treat cancers. [3] It is used to treat testicular cancer, [4] breast cancer, ovarian cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, and bladder cancer.
Pyrimidine analogues are antimetabolites which mimic the structure ... Pyrimidine antimetabolites are commonly used to treat cancer by interfering with DNA ...
Because cancer cells spend more time dividing than other cells, inhibiting cell division harms tumor cells more than other cells. Antimetabolite drugs are commonly used to treat leukemia, cancers of the breast, ovary, and the gastrointestinal tract, as well as other types of cancers. [4]
The cancer treatment drug topotecan is a synthetic chemical compound similar in chemical structure to camptothecin which is found in extracts of Camptotheca (happy tree). [7] Catharanthus roseus. Vinca alkaloids were originally manufactured by extracting them from Catharanthus roseus (Madagascar Periwinkle). [1] Podophyllum spp.