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The ology ending is a combination of the letter o plus logy in which the letter o is used as an interconsonantal letter which, for phonological reasons, precedes the morpheme suffix logy. [1] Logy is a suffix in the English language, used with words originally adapted from Ancient Greek ending in -λογία (-logia). [2]
English irregular verbs are now a closed group, which means that newly formed verbs are always regular and do not adopt any of the irregular patterns. This list only contains verb forms which are listed in the major dictionaries as being standard usage in modern English. There are also many thousands of archaic, non-standard and dialect variants.
Verbs ending in a consonant plus o also typically add -es: veto → vetoes. Verbs ending in a consonant plus y add -es after changing the y to an i: cry → cries. In terms of pronunciation, the ending is pronounced as / ɪ z / after sibilants (as in lurches), as / s / after voiceless consonants other than sibilants (as in makes), and as / z ...
The verb stem manga-'to take/come/arrive' at the destination takes the active suffix -i (> mangai-) in the intransitive form, and as a transitive verb the stem is not suffixed. The TAM ending -nu is the general today past attainative perfective, found with all numbers in the perfective except the singular active, where -ma is found.
Verbs with devoicing of the ending and no other irregularity: burn, dwell, learn, smell, spell, spill and spoil. Most of these have regular -ed forms as alternatives. Verbs continuing the Rückumlaut pattern: bring–brought, buy–bought, seek–sought, sell–sold, teach–taught, tell–told, and think–thought.
Verbs which in any way deviate from these rules (there are around 200 such verbs in the language) are classed as irregular. A language may have more than one regular conjugation pattern. French verbs, for example, follow different patterns depending on whether their infinitive ends in -er, -ir or -re (complicated slightly by certain rules of ...
Here eating is a present participle; the verb phrase eating a cake serves as an adjective, modifying him. Trying to succeed makes success more likely. Here trying is a gerund; the verb phrase trying to succeed serves as a noun, the subject of the main verb makes. He hurt his knee trying to get over the fence.
The resulting ending was then contracted to -ō and later -o in the mainland dialects. One main exception to this is that for verbs whose underlying imperfective form ends in -uru (-eru in standard Japanese), otherwise known as shimo nidan or "lower bigrade" verbs, the entire ending is reduced to -u instead. [11]